!Idrivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c
</chapter>
+ <chapter id="ataExceptions">
+ <title>ATA errors & exceptions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This chapter tries to identify what error/exception conditions exist
+ for ATA/ATAPI devices and describe how they should be handled in
+ implementation-neutral way.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The term 'error' is used to describe conditions where either an
+ explicit error condition is reported from device or a command has
+ timed out.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The term 'exception' is either used to describe exceptional
+ conditions which are not errors (say, power or hotplug events), or
+ to describe both errors and non-error exceptional conditions. Where
+ explicit distinction between error and exception is necessary, the
+ term 'non-error exception' is used.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect1 id="excat">
+ <title>Exception categories</title>
+ <para>
+ Exceptions are described primarily with respect to legacy
+ taskfile + bus master IDE interface. If a controller provides
+ other better mechanism for error reporting, mapping those into
+ categories described below shouldn't be difficult.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the following sections, two recovery actions - reset and
+ reconfiguring transport - are mentioned. These are described
+ further in <xref linkend="exrec"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatHSMviolation">
+ <title>HSM violation</title>
+ <para>
+ This error is indicated when STATUS value doesn't match HSM
+ requirement during issuing or excution any ATA/ATAPI command.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <title>Examples</title>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ATA_STATUS doesn't contain !BSY && DRDY && !DRQ while trying
+ to issue a command.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY && !DRQ during PIO data transfer.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ DRQ on command completion.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY && ERR after CDB tranfer starts but before the
+ last byte of CDB is transferred. ATA/ATAPI standard states
+ that "The device shall not terminate the PACKET command
+ with an error before the last byte of the command packet has
+ been written" in the error outputs description of PACKET
+ command and the state diagram doesn't include such
+ transitions.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ In these cases, HSM is violated and not much information
+ regarding the error can be acquired from STATUS or ERROR
+ register. IOW, this error can be anything - driver bug,
+ faulty device, controller and/or cable.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ As HSM is violated, reset is necessary to restore known state.
+ Reconfiguring transport for lower speed might be helpful too
+ as transmission errors sometimes cause this kind of errors.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatDevErr">
+ <title>ATA/ATAPI device error (non-NCQ / non-CHECK CONDITION)</title>
+
+ <para>
+ These are errors detected and reported by ATA/ATAPI devices
+ indicating device problems. For this type of errors, STATUS
+ and ERROR register values are valid and describe error
+ condition. Note that some of ATA bus errors are detected by
+ ATA/ATAPI devices and reported using the same mechanism as
+ device errors. Those cases are described later in this
+ section.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For ATA commands, this type of errors are indicated by !BSY
+ && ERR during command execution and on completion.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>For ATAPI commands,</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY && ERR && ABRT right after issuing PACKET
+ indicates that PACKET command is not supported and falls in
+ this category.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY && ERR(==CHK) && !ABRT after the last
+ byte of CDB is transferred indicates CHECK CONDITION and
+ doesn't fall in this category.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ !BSY && ERR(==CHK) && ABRT after the last byte
+ of CDB is transferred *probably* indicates CHECK CONDITION and
+ doesn't fall in this category.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Of errors detected as above, the followings are not ATA/ATAPI
+ device errors but ATA bus errors and should be handled
+ according to <xref linkend="excatATAbusErr"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>CRC error during data transfer</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is indicated by ICRC bit in the ERROR register and
+ means that corruption occurred during data transfer. Upto
+ ATA/ATAPI-7, the standard specifies that this bit is only
+ applicable to UDMA transfers but ATA/ATAPI-8 draft revision
+ 1f says that the bit may be applicable to multiword DMA and
+ PIO.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>ABRT error during data transfer or on completion</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Upto ATA/ATAPI-7, the standard specifies that ABRT could be
+ set on ICRC errors and on cases where a device is not able
+ to complete a command. Combined with the fact that MWDMA
+ and PIO transfer errors aren't allowed to use ICRC bit upto
+ ATA/ATAPI-7, it seems to imply that ABRT bit alone could
+ indicate tranfer errors.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ However, ATA/ATAPI-8 draft revision 1f removes the part
+ that ICRC errors can turn on ABRT. So, this is kind of
+ gray area. Some heuristics are needed here.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>
+ ATA/ATAPI device errors can be further categorized as follows.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Media errors</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is indicated by UNC bit in the ERROR register. ATA
+ devices reports UNC error only after certain number of
+ retries cannot recover the data, so there's nothing much
+ else to do other than notifying upper layer.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ READ and WRITE commands report CHS or LBA of the first
+ failed sector but ATA/ATAPI standard specifies that the
+ amount of transferred data on error completion is
+ indeterminate, so we cannot assume that sectors preceding
+ the failed sector have been transferred and thus cannot
+ complete those sectors successfully as SCSI does.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Media changed / media change requested error</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ <<TODO: fill here>>
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Address error</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is indicated by IDNF bit in the ERROR register.
+ Report to upper layer.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Other errors</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This can be invalid command or parameter indicated by ABRT
+ ERROR bit or some other error condition. Note that ABRT
+ bit can indicate a lot of things including ICRC and Address
+ errors. Heuristics needed.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>
+ Depending on commands, not all STATUS/ERROR bits are
+ applicable. These non-applicable bits are marked with
+ "na" in the output descriptions but upto ATA/ATAPI-7
+ no definition of "na" can be found. However,
+ ATA/ATAPI-8 draft revision 1f describes "N/A" as
+ follows.
+ </para>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry><term>3.2.3.3a N/A</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ A keyword the indicates a field has no defined value in
+ this standard and should not be checked by the host or
+ device. N/A fields should be cleared to zero.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+ </variablelist>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <para>
+ So, it seems reasonable to assume that "na" bits are
+ cleared to zero by devices and thus need no explicit masking.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatATAPIcc">
+ <title>ATAPI device CHECK CONDITION</title>
+
+ <para>
+ ATAPI device CHECK CONDITION error is indicated by set CHK bit
+ (ERR bit) in the STATUS register after the last byte of CDB is
+ transferred for a PACKET command. For this kind of errors,
+ sense data should be acquired to gather information regarding
+ the errors. REQUEST SENSE packet command should be used to
+ acquire sense data.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Once sense data is acquired, this type of errors can be
+ handled similary to other SCSI errors. Note that sense data
+ may indicate ATA bus error (e.g. Sense Key 04h HARDWARE ERROR
+ && ASC/ASCQ 47h/00h SCSI PARITY ERROR). In such
+ cases, the error should be considered as an ATA bus error and
+ handled according to <xref linkend="excatATAbusErr"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatNCQerr">
+ <title>ATA device error (NCQ)</title>
+
+ <para>
+ NCQ command error is indicated by cleared BSY and set ERR bit
+ during NCQ command phase (one or more NCQ commands
+ outstanding). Although STATUS and ERROR registers will
+ contain valid values describing the error, READ LOG EXT is
+ required to clear the error condition, determine which command
+ has failed and acquire more information.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ READ LOG EXT Log Page 10h reports which tag has failed and
+ taskfile register values describing the error. With this
+ information the failed command can be handled as a normal ATA
+ command error as in <xref linkend="excatDevErr"/> and all
+ other in-flight commands must be retried. Note that this
+ retry should not be counted - it's likely that commands
+ retried this way would have completed normally if it were not
+ for the failed command.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Note that ATA bus errors can be reported as ATA device NCQ
+ errors. This should be handled as described in <xref
+ linkend="excatATAbusErr"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If READ LOG EXT Log Page 10h fails or reports NQ, we're
+ thoroughly screwed. This condition should be treated
+ according to <xref linkend="excatHSMviolation"/>.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatATAbusErr">
+ <title>ATA bus error</title>
+
+ <para>
+ ATA bus error means that data corruption occurred during
+ transmission over ATA bus (SATA or PATA). This type of errors
+ can be indicated by
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ ICRC or ABRT error as described in <xref linkend="excatDevErr"/>.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Controller-specific error completion with error information
+ indicating transmission error.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ On some controllers, command timeout. In this case, there may
+ be a mechanism to determine that the timeout is due to
+ transmission error.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Unknown/random errors, timeouts and all sorts of weirdities.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ As described above, transmission errors can cause wide variety
+ of symptoms ranging from device ICRC error to random device
+ lockup, and, for many cases, there is no way to tell if an
+ error condition is due to transmission error or not;
+ therefore, it's necessary to employ some kind of heuristic
+ when dealing with errors and timeouts. For example,
+ encountering repetitive ABRT errors for known supported
+ command is likely to indicate ATA bus error.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Once it's determined that ATA bus errors have possibly
+ occurred, lowering ATA bus transmission speed is one of
+ actions which may alleviate the problem. See <xref
+ linkend="exrecReconf"/> for more information.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatPCIbusErr">
+ <title>PCI bus error</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Data corruption or other failures during transmission over PCI
+ (or other system bus). For standard BMDMA, this is indicated
+ by Error bit in the BMDMA Status register. This type of
+ errors must be logged as it indicates something is very wrong
+ with the system. Resetting host controller is recommended.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatLateCompletion">
+ <title>Late completion</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This occurs when timeout occurs and the timeout handler finds
+ out that the timed out command has completed successfully or
+ with error. This is usually caused by lost interrupts. This
+ type of errors must be logged. Resetting host controller is
+ recommended.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatUnknown">
+ <title>Unknown error (timeout)</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This is when timeout occurs and the command is still
+ processing or the host and device are in unknown state. When
+ this occurs, HSM could be in any valid or invalid state. To
+ bring the device to known state and make it forget about the
+ timed out command, resetting is necessary. The timed out
+ command may be retried.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Timeouts can also be caused by transmission errors. Refer to
+ <xref linkend="excatATAbusErr"/> for more details.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="excatHoplugPM">
+ <title>Hotplug and power management exceptions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ <<TODO: fill here>>
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="exrec">
+ <title>EH recovery actions</title>
+
+ <para>
+ This section discusses several important recovery actions.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2 id="exrecClr">
+ <title>Clearing error condition</title>
+
+ <para>
+ Many controllers require its error registers to be cleared by
+ error handler. Different controllers may have different
+ requirements.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ For SATA, it's strongly recommended to clear at least SError
+ register during error handling.
+ </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="exrecRst">
+ <title>Reset</title>
+
+ <para>
+ During EH, resetting is necessary in the following cases.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ HSM is in unknown or invalid state
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ HBA is in unknown or invalid state
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ EH needs to make HBA/device forget about in-flight commands
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ HBA/device behaves weirdly
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ Resetting during EH might be a good idea regardless of error
+ condition to improve EH robustness. Whether to reset both or
+ either one of HBA and device depends on situation but the
+ following scheme is recommended.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ When it's known that HBA is in ready state but ATA/ATAPI
+ device in in unknown state, reset only device.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ If HBA is in unknown state, reset both HBA and device.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ HBA resetting is implementation specific. For a controller
+ complying to taskfile/BMDMA PCI IDE, stopping active DMA
+ transaction may be sufficient iff BMDMA state is the only HBA
+ context. But even mostly taskfile/BMDMA PCI IDE complying
+ controllers may have implementation specific requirements and
+ mechanism to reset themselves. This must be addressed by
+ specific drivers.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ OTOH, ATA/ATAPI standard describes in detail ways to reset
+ ATA/ATAPI devices.
+ </para>
+
+ <variablelist>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>PATA hardware reset</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is hardware initiated device reset signalled with
+ asserted PATA RESET- signal. There is no standard way to
+ initiate hardware reset from software although some
+ hardware provides registers that allow driver to directly
+ tweak the RESET- signal.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>Software reset</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is achieved by turning CONTROL SRST bit on for at
+ least 5us. Both PATA and SATA support it but, in case of
+ SATA, this may require controller-specific support as the
+ second Register FIS to clear SRST should be transmitted
+ while BSY bit is still set. Note that on PATA, this resets
+ both master and slave devices on a channel.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>EXECUTE DEVICE DIAGNOSTIC command</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Although ATA/ATAPI standard doesn't describe exactly, EDD
+ implies some level of resetting, possibly similar level
+ with software reset. Host-side EDD protocol can be handled
+ with normal command processing and most SATA controllers
+ should be able to handle EDD's just like other commands.
+ As in software reset, EDD affects both devices on a PATA
+ bus.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Although EDD does reset devices, this doesn't suit error
+ handling as EDD cannot be issued while BSY is set and it's
+ unclear how it will act when device is in unknown/weird
+ state.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>ATAPI DEVICE RESET command</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is very similar to software reset except that reset
+ can be restricted to the selected device without affecting
+ the other device sharing the cable.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry><term>SATA phy reset</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ This is the preferred way of resetting a SATA device. In
+ effect, it's identical to PATA hardware reset. Note that
+ this can be done with the standard SCR Control register.
+ As such, it's usually easier to implement than software
+ reset.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+
+ <para>
+ One more thing to consider when resetting devices is that
+ resetting clears certain configuration parameters and they
+ need to be set to their previous or newly adjusted values
+ after reset.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Parameters affected are.
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ CHS set up with INITIALIZE DEVICE PARAMETERS (seldomly used)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Parameters set with SET FEATURES including transfer mode setting
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Block count set with SET MULTIPLE MODE
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Other parameters (SET MAX, MEDIA LOCK...)
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ ATA/ATAPI standard specifies that some parameters must be
+ maintained across hardware or software reset, but doesn't
+ strictly specify all of them. Always reconfiguring needed
+ parameters after reset is required for robustness. Note that
+ this also applies when resuming from deep sleep (power-off).
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Also, ATA/ATAPI standard requires that IDENTIFY DEVICE /
+ IDENTIFY PACKET DEVICE is issued after any configuration
+ parameter is updated or a hardware reset and the result used
+ for further operation. OS driver is required to implement
+ revalidation mechanism to support this.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2 id="exrecReconf">
+ <title>Reconfigure transport</title>
+
+ <para>
+ For both PATA and SATA, a lot of corners are cut for cheap
+ connectors, cables or controllers and it's quite common to see
+ high transmission error rate. This can be mitigated by
+ lowering transmission speed.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The following is a possible scheme Jeff Garzik suggested.
+ </para>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <para>
+ If more than $N (3?) transmission errors happen in 15 minutes,
+ </para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ if SATA, decrease SATA PHY speed. if speed cannot be decreased,
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ decrease UDMA xfer speed. if at UDMA0, switch to PIO4,
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ decrease PIO xfer speed. if at PIO3, complain, but continue
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ </sect2>
+
+ </sect1>
+
+ </chapter>
+
<chapter id="PiixInt">
<title>ata_piix Internals</title>
!Idrivers/scsi/ata_piix.c
git://ftp.safe.ca / safe / jmp / linux-2.6 / commitdiff