[safe/jmp/linux-2.6] / drivers / mtd / ubi / eba.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
 * the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
 *
 * Author: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём)
 */

/*
 * The UBI Eraseblock Association (EBA) unit.
 *
 * This unit is responsible for I/O to/from logical eraseblock.
 *
 * Although in this implementation the EBA table is fully kept and managed in
 * RAM, which assumes poor scalability, it might be (partially) maintained on
 * flash in future implementations.
 *
 * The EBA unit implements per-logical eraseblock locking. Before accessing a
 * logical eraseblock it is locked for reading or writing. The per-logical
 * eraseblock locking is implemented by means of the lock tree. The lock tree
 * is an RB-tree which refers all the currently locked logical eraseblocks. The
 * lock tree elements are &struct ltree_entry objects. They are indexed by
 * (@vol_id, @lnum) pairs.
 *
 * EBA also maintains the global sequence counter which is incremented each
 * time a logical eraseblock is mapped to a physical eraseblock and it is
 * stored in the volume identifier header. This means that each VID header has
 * a unique sequence number. The sequence number is only increased an we assume
 * 64 bits is enough to never overflow.
 */

#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/crc32.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#include "ubi.h"

/**
 * struct ltree_entry - an entry in the lock tree.
 * @rb: links RB-tree nodes
 * @vol_id: volume ID of the locked logical eraseblock
 * @lnum: locked logical eraseblock number
 * @users: how many tasks are using this logical eraseblock or wait for it
 * @mutex: read/write mutex to implement read/write access serialization to
 * the (@vol_id, @lnum) logical eraseblock
 *
 * When a logical eraseblock is being locked - corresponding &struct ltree_entry
 * object is inserted to the lock tree (@ubi->ltree).
 */
struct ltree_entry {
        struct rb_node rb;
        int vol_id;
        int lnum;
        int users;
        struct rw_semaphore mutex;
};

/* Slab cache for lock-tree entries */
static struct kmem_cache *ltree_slab;

/**
 * next_sqnum - get next sequence number.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 *
 * This function returns next sequence number to use, which is just the current
 * global sequence counter value. It also increases the global sequence
 * counter.
 */
static unsigned long long next_sqnum(struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        unsigned long long sqnum;

        spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
        sqnum = ubi->global_sqnum++;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

        return sqnum;
}

/**
 * ubi_get_compat - get compatibility flags of a volume.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 *
 * This function returns compatibility flags for an internal volume. User
 * volumes have no compatibility flags, so %0 is returned.
 */
static int ubi_get_compat(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id)
{
        if (vol_id == UBI_LAYOUT_VOL_ID)
                return UBI_LAYOUT_VOLUME_COMPAT;
        return 0;
}

/**
 * ltree_lookup - look up the lock tree.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function returns a pointer to the corresponding &struct ltree_entry
 * object if the logical eraseblock is locked and %NULL if it is not.
 * @ubi->ltree_lock has to be locked.
 */
static struct ltree_entry *ltree_lookup(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id,
                                        int lnum)
{
        struct rb_node *p;

        p = ubi->ltree.rb_node;
        while (p) {
                struct ltree_entry *le;

                le = rb_entry(p, struct ltree_entry, rb);

                if (vol_id < le->vol_id)
                        p = p->rb_left;
                else if (vol_id > le->vol_id)
                        p = p->rb_right;
                else {
                        if (lnum < le->lnum)
                                p = p->rb_left;
                        else if (lnum > le->lnum)
                                p = p->rb_right;
                        else
                                return le;
                }
        }

        return NULL;
}

/**
 * ltree_add_entry - add new entry to the lock tree.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function adds new entry for logical eraseblock (@vol_id, @lnum) to the
 * lock tree. If such entry is already there, its usage counter is increased.
 * Returns pointer to the lock tree entry or %-ENOMEM if memory allocation
 * failed.
 */
static struct ltree_entry *ltree_add_entry(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id,
                                           int lnum)
{
        struct ltree_entry *le, *le1, *le_free;

        le = kmem_cache_alloc(ltree_slab, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!le)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        le->vol_id = vol_id;
        le->lnum = lnum;

        spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
        le1 = ltree_lookup(ubi, vol_id, lnum);

        if (le1) {
                /*
                 * This logical eraseblock is already locked. The newly
                 * allocated lock entry is not needed.
                 */
                le_free = le;
                le = le1;
        } else {
                struct rb_node **p, *parent = NULL;

                /*
                 * No lock entry, add the newly allocated one to the
                 * @ubi->ltree RB-tree.
                 */
                le_free = NULL;

                p = &ubi->ltree.rb_node;
                while (*p) {
                        parent = *p;
                        le1 = rb_entry(parent, struct ltree_entry, rb);

                        if (vol_id < le1->vol_id)
                                p = &(*p)->rb_left;
                        else if (vol_id > le1->vol_id)
                                p = &(*p)->rb_right;
                        else {
                                ubi_assert(lnum != le1->lnum);
                                if (lnum < le1->lnum)
                                        p = &(*p)->rb_left;
                                else
                                        p = &(*p)->rb_right;
                        }
                }

                rb_link_node(&le->rb, parent, p);
                rb_insert_color(&le->rb, &ubi->ltree);
        }
        le->users += 1;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

        if (le_free)
                kmem_cache_free(ltree_slab, le_free);

        return le;
}

/**
 * leb_read_lock - lock logical eraseblock for reading.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function locks a logical eraseblock for reading. Returns zero in case
 * of success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
static int leb_read_lock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
        struct ltree_entry *le;

        le = ltree_add_entry(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (IS_ERR(le))
                return PTR_ERR(le);
        down_read(&le->mutex);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * leb_read_unlock - unlock logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 */
static void leb_read_unlock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
        int free = 0;
        struct ltree_entry *le;

        spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
        le = ltree_lookup(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        le->users -= 1;
        ubi_assert(le->users >= 0);
        if (le->users == 0) {
                rb_erase(&le->rb, &ubi->ltree);
                free = 1;
        }
        spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

        up_read(&le->mutex);
        if (free)
                kmem_cache_free(ltree_slab, le);
}

/**
 * leb_write_lock - lock logical eraseblock for writing.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function locks a logical eraseblock for writing. Returns zero in case
 * of success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
static int leb_write_lock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
        struct ltree_entry *le;

        le = ltree_add_entry(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (IS_ERR(le))
                return PTR_ERR(le);
        down_write(&le->mutex);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * leb_write_unlock - unlock logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 */
static void leb_write_unlock(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
        int free;
        struct ltree_entry *le;

        spin_lock(&ubi->ltree_lock);
        le = ltree_lookup(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        le->users -= 1;
        ubi_assert(le->users >= 0);
        if (le->users == 0) {
                rb_erase(&le->rb, &ubi->ltree);
                free = 1;
        } else
                free = 0;
        spin_unlock(&ubi->ltree_lock);

        up_write(&le->mutex);
        if (free)
                kmem_cache_free(ltree_slab, le);
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_unmap_leb - un-map logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 *
 * This function un-maps logical eraseblock @lnum and schedules corresponding
 * physical eraseblock for erasure. Returns zero in case of success and a
 * negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_unmap_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum)
{
        int idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id), err, pnum;
        struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];

        if (ubi->ro_mode)
                return -EROFS;

        err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (err)
                return err;

        pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
        if (pnum < 0)
                /* This logical eraseblock is already unmapped */
                goto out_unlock;

        dbg_eba("erase LEB %d:%d, PEB %d", vol_id, lnum, pnum);

        vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = UBI_LEB_UNMAPPED;
        err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 0);

out_unlock:
        leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_read_leb - read data.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: buffer to store the read data
 * @offset: offset from where to read
 * @len: how many bytes to read
 * @check: data CRC check flag
 *
 * If the logical eraseblock @lnum is unmapped, @buf is filled with 0xFF
 * bytes. The @check flag only makes sense for static volumes and forces
 * eraseblock data CRC checking.
 *
 * In case of success this function returns zero. In case of a static volume,
 * if data CRC mismatches - %-EBADMSG is returned. %-EBADMSG may also be
 * returned for any volume type if an ECC error was detected by the MTD device
 * driver. Other negative error cored may be returned in case of other errors.
 */
int ubi_eba_read_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum, void *buf,
                     int offset, int len, int check)
{
        int err, pnum, scrub = 0, idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
        struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
        uint32_t crc, crc1;

        err = leb_read_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (err)
                return err;

        pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
        if (pnum < 0) {
                /*
                 * The logical eraseblock is not mapped, fill the whole buffer
                 * with 0xFF bytes. The exception is static volumes for which
                 * it is an error to read unmapped logical eraseblocks.
                 */
                dbg_eba("read %d bytes from offset %d of LEB %d:%d (unmapped)",
                        len, offset, vol_id, lnum);
                leb_read_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                ubi_assert(vol->vol_type != UBI_STATIC_VOLUME);
                memset(buf, 0xFF, len);
                return 0;
        }

        dbg_eba("read %d bytes from offset %d of LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
                len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);

        if (vol->vol_type == UBI_DYNAMIC_VOLUME)
                check = 0;

retry:
        if (check) {
                vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi);
                if (!vid_hdr) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto out_unlock;
                }

                err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr, 1);
                if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
                        if (err > 0) {
                                /*
                                 * The header is either absent or corrupted.
                                 * The former case means there is a bug -
                                 * switch to read-only mode just in case.
                                 * The latter case means a real corruption - we
                                 * may try to recover data. FIXME: but this is
                                 * not implemented.
                                 */
                                if (err == UBI_IO_BAD_VID_HDR) {
                                        ubi_warn("bad VID header at PEB %d, LEB"
                                                 "%d:%d", pnum, vol_id, lnum);
                                        err = -EBADMSG;
                                } else
                                        ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                        }
                        goto out_free;
                } else if (err == UBI_IO_BITFLIPS)
                        scrub = 1;

                ubi_assert(lnum < ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->used_ebs));
                ubi_assert(len == ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_size));

                crc = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_crc);
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        }

        err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, buf, pnum, offset, len);
        if (err) {
                if (err == UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
                        scrub = 1;
                        err = 0;
                } else if (err == -EBADMSG) {
                        if (vol->vol_type == UBI_DYNAMIC_VOLUME)
                                goto out_unlock;
                        scrub = 1;
                        if (!check) {
                                ubi_msg("force data checking");
                                check = 1;
                                goto retry;
                        }
                } else
                        goto out_unlock;
        }

        if (check) {
                crc1 = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, buf, len);
                if (crc1 != crc) {
                        ubi_warn("CRC error: calculated %#08x, must be %#08x",
                                 crc1, crc);
                        err = -EBADMSG;
                        goto out_unlock;
                }
        }

        if (scrub)
                err = ubi_wl_scrub_peb(ubi, pnum);

        leb_read_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        return err;

out_free:
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
out_unlock:
        leb_read_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        return err;
}

/**
 * recover_peb - recover from write failure.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock to recover
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: data which was not written because of the write failure
 * @offset: offset of the failed write
 * @len: how many bytes should have been written
 *
 * This function is called in case of a write failure and moves all good data
 * from the potentially bad physical eraseblock to a good physical eraseblock.
 * This function also writes the data which was not written due to the failure.
 * Returns new physical eraseblock number in case of success, and a negative
 * error code in case of failure.
 */
static int recover_peb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int vol_id, int lnum,
                       const void *buf, int offset, int len)
{
        int err, idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id), new_pnum, data_size, tries = 0;
        struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
        unsigned char *new_buf;

        vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi);
        if (!vid_hdr) {
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

retry:
        new_pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, UBI_UNKNOWN);
        if (new_pnum < 0) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return new_pnum;
        }

        ubi_msg("recover PEB %d, move data to PEB %d", pnum, new_pnum);

        err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr, 1);
        if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
                if (err > 0)
                        err = -EIO;
                goto out_put;
        }

        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));
        err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, new_pnum, vid_hdr);
        if (err)
                goto write_error;

        data_size = offset + len;
        new_buf = kmalloc(data_size, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!new_buf) {
                err = -ENOMEM;
                goto out_put;
        }
        memset(new_buf + offset, 0xFF, len);

        /* Read everything before the area where the write failure happened */
        if (offset > 0) {
                err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, new_buf, pnum, 0, offset);
                if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
                        kfree(new_buf);
                        goto out_put;
                }
        }

        memcpy(new_buf + offset, buf, len);

        err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, new_buf, new_pnum, 0, data_size);
        if (err) {
                kfree(new_buf);
                goto write_error;
        }

        kfree(new_buf);
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);

        vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = new_pnum;
        ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);

        ubi_msg("data was successfully recovered");
        return 0;

out_put:
        ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, new_pnum, 1);
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        return err;

write_error:
        /*
         * Bad luck? This physical eraseblock is bad too? Crud. Let's try to
         * get another one.
         */
        ubi_warn("failed to write to PEB %d", new_pnum);
        ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, new_pnum, 1);
        if (++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }
        ubi_msg("try again");
        goto retry;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_write_leb - write data to dynamic volume.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: the data to write
 * @offset: offset within the logical eraseblock where to write
 * @len: how many bytes to write
 * @dtype: data type
 *
 * This function writes data to logical eraseblock @lnum of a dynamic volume
 * @vol_id. Returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in case
 * of failure. In case of error, it is possible that something was still
 * written to the flash media, but may be some garbage.
 */
int ubi_eba_write_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum,
                      const void *buf, int offset, int len, int dtype)
{
        int idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id), err, pnum, tries = 0;
        struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;

        if (ubi->ro_mode)
                return -EROFS;

        err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (err)
                return err;

        pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
        if (pnum >= 0) {
                dbg_eba("write %d bytes at offset %d of LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
                        len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);

                err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, offset, len);
                if (err) {
                        ubi_warn("failed to write data to PEB %d", pnum);
                        if (err == -EIO && ubi->bad_allowed)
                                err = recover_peb(ubi, pnum, vol_id, lnum, buf, offset, len);
                        if (err)
                                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                }
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                return err;
        }

        /*
         * The logical eraseblock is not mapped. We have to get a free physical
         * eraseblock and write the volume identifier header there first.
         */
        vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi);
        if (!vid_hdr) {
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        vid_hdr->vol_type = UBI_VID_DYNAMIC;
        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));
        vid_hdr->vol_id = cpu_to_ubi32(vol_id);
        vid_hdr->lnum = cpu_to_ubi32(lnum);
        vid_hdr->compat = ubi_get_compat(ubi, vol_id);
        vid_hdr->data_pad = cpu_to_ubi32(vol->data_pad);

retry:
        pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, dtype);
        if (pnum < 0) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                return pnum;
        }

        dbg_eba("write VID hdr and %d bytes at offset %d of LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
                len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);

        err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
        if (err) {
                ubi_warn("failed to write VID header to LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
                         vol_id, lnum, pnum);
                goto write_error;
        }

        err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, offset, len);
        if (err) {
                ubi_warn("failed to write %d bytes at offset %d of LEB %d:%d, "
                         "PEB %d", len, offset, vol_id, lnum, pnum);
                goto write_error;
        }

        vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = pnum;

        leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        return 0;

write_error:
        if (err != -EIO || !ubi->bad_allowed) {
                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        /*
         * Fortunately, this is the first write operation to this physical
         * eraseblock, so just put it and request a new one. We assume that if
         * this physical eraseblock went bad, the erase code will handle that.
         */
        err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);
        if (err || ++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));
        ubi_msg("try another PEB");
        goto retry;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_write_leb_st - write data to static volume.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: data to write
 * @len: how many bytes to write
 * @dtype: data type
 * @used_ebs: how many logical eraseblocks will this volume contain
 *
 * This function writes data to logical eraseblock @lnum of static volume
 * @vol_id. The @used_ebs argument should contain total number of logical
 * eraseblock in this static volume.
 *
 * When writing to the last logical eraseblock, the @len argument doesn't have
 * to be aligned to the minimal I/O unit size. Instead, it has to be equivalent
 * to the real data size, although the @buf buffer has to contain the
 * alignment. In all other cases, @len has to be aligned.
 *
 * It is prohibited to write more then once to logical eraseblocks of static
 * volumes. This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error
 * code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_write_leb_st(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum,
                         const void *buf, int len, int dtype, int used_ebs)
{
        int err, pnum, tries = 0, data_size = len;
        int idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);
        struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
        uint32_t crc;

        if (ubi->ro_mode)
                return -EROFS;

        if (lnum == used_ebs - 1)
                /* If this is the last LEB @len may be unaligned */
                len = ALIGN(data_size, ubi->min_io_size);
        else
                ubi_assert(len % ubi->min_io_size == 0);

        vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi);
        if (!vid_hdr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (err) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));
        vid_hdr->vol_id = cpu_to_ubi32(vol_id);
        vid_hdr->lnum = cpu_to_ubi32(lnum);
        vid_hdr->compat = ubi_get_compat(ubi, vol_id);
        vid_hdr->data_pad = cpu_to_ubi32(vol->data_pad);

        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, buf, data_size);
        vid_hdr->vol_type = UBI_VID_STATIC;
        vid_hdr->data_size = cpu_to_ubi32(data_size);
        vid_hdr->used_ebs = cpu_to_ubi32(used_ebs);
        vid_hdr->data_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);

retry:
        pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, dtype);
        if (pnum < 0) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                return pnum;
        }

        dbg_eba("write VID hdr and %d bytes at LEB %d:%d, PEB %d, used_ebs %d",
                len, vol_id, lnum, pnum, used_ebs);

        err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
        if (err) {
                ubi_warn("failed to write VID header to LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
                         vol_id, lnum, pnum);
                goto write_error;
        }

        err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, 0, len);
        if (err) {
                ubi_warn("failed to write %d bytes of data to PEB %d",
                         len, pnum);
                goto write_error;
        }

        ubi_assert(vol->eba_tbl[lnum] < 0);
        vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = pnum;

        leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        return 0;

write_error:
        if (err != -EIO || !ubi->bad_allowed) {
                /*
                 * This flash device does not admit of bad eraseblocks or
                 * something nasty and unexpected happened. Switch to read-only
                 * mode just in case.
                 */
                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);
        if (err || ++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));
        ubi_msg("try another PEB");
        goto retry;
}

/*
 * ubi_eba_atomic_leb_change - change logical eraseblock atomically.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vol_id: volume ID
 * @lnum: logical eraseblock number
 * @buf: data to write
 * @len: how many bytes to write
 * @dtype: data type
 *
 * This function changes the contents of a logical eraseblock atomically. @buf
 * has to contain new logical eraseblock data, and @len - the length of the
 * data, which has to be aligned. This function guarantees that in case of an
 * unclean reboot the old contents is preserved. Returns zero in case of
 * success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_atomic_leb_change(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id, int lnum,
                              const void *buf, int len, int dtype)
{
        int err, pnum, tries = 0, idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);
        struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
        uint32_t crc;

        if (ubi->ro_mode)
                return -EROFS;

        vid_hdr = ubi_zalloc_vid_hdr(ubi);
        if (!vid_hdr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (err) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));
        vid_hdr->vol_id = cpu_to_ubi32(vol_id);
        vid_hdr->lnum = cpu_to_ubi32(lnum);
        vid_hdr->compat = ubi_get_compat(ubi, vol_id);
        vid_hdr->data_pad = cpu_to_ubi32(vol->data_pad);

        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, buf, len);
        vid_hdr->vol_type = UBI_VID_STATIC;
        vid_hdr->data_size = cpu_to_ubi32(len);
        vid_hdr->copy_flag = 1;
        vid_hdr->data_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);

retry:
        pnum = ubi_wl_get_peb(ubi, dtype);
        if (pnum < 0) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                return pnum;
        }

        dbg_eba("change LEB %d:%d, PEB %d, write VID hdr to PEB %d",
                vol_id, lnum, vol->eba_tbl[lnum], pnum);

        err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
        if (err) {
                ubi_warn("failed to write VID header to LEB %d:%d, PEB %d",
                         vol_id, lnum, pnum);
                goto write_error;
        }

        err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, pnum, 0, len);
        if (err) {
                ubi_warn("failed to write %d bytes of data to PEB %d",
                         len, pnum);
                goto write_error;
        }

        err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, vol->eba_tbl[lnum], 1);
        if (err) {
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                return err;
        }

        vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = pnum;
        leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        return 0;

write_error:
        if (err != -EIO || !ubi->bad_allowed) {
                /*
                 * This flash device does not admit of bad eraseblocks or
                 * something nasty and unexpected happened. Switch to read-only
                 * mode just in case.
                 */
                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        err = ubi_wl_put_peb(ubi, pnum, 1);
        if (err || ++tries > UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
                ubi_ro_mode(ubi);
                leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
                ubi_free_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
                return err;
        }

        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));
        ubi_msg("try another PEB");
        goto retry;
}

/**
 * ltree_entry_ctor - lock tree entries slab cache constructor.
 * @obj: the lock-tree entry to construct
 * @cache: the lock tree entry slab cache
 * @flags: constructor flags
 */
static void ltree_entry_ctor(void *obj, struct kmem_cache *cache,
                             unsigned long flags)
{
        struct ltree_entry *le = obj;

        if (flags & SLAB_CTOR_CONSTRUCTOR)
                return;

        le->users = 0;
        init_rwsem(&le->mutex);
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_copy_leb - copy logical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @from: physical eraseblock number from where to copy
 * @to: physical eraseblock number where to copy
 * @vid_hdr: VID header of the @from physical eraseblock
 *
 * This function copies logical eraseblock from physical eraseblock @from to
 * physical eraseblock @to. The @vid_hdr buffer may be changed by this
 * function. Returns zero in case of success, %UBI_IO_BITFLIPS if the operation
 * was canceled because bit-flips were detected at the target PEB, and a
 * negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_copy_leb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int from, int to,
                     struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
{
        int err, vol_id, lnum, data_size, aldata_size, pnum, idx;
        struct ubi_volume *vol;
        uint32_t crc;
        void *buf, *buf1 = NULL;

        vol_id = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->vol_id);
        lnum = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->lnum);

        dbg_eba("copy LEB %d:%d, PEB %d to PEB %d", vol_id, lnum, from, to);

        if (vid_hdr->vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC) {
                data_size = ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_size);
                aldata_size = ALIGN(data_size, ubi->min_io_size);
        } else
                data_size = aldata_size =
                            ubi->leb_size - ubi32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_pad);

        buf = kmalloc(aldata_size, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!buf)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /*
         * We do not want anybody to write to this logical eraseblock while we
         * are moving it, so we lock it.
         */
        err = leb_write_lock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        if (err) {
                kfree(buf);
                return err;
        }

        /*
         * But the logical eraseblock might have been put by this time.
         * Cancel if it is true.
         */
        idx = vol_id2idx(ubi, vol_id);

        /*
         * We may race with volume deletion/re-size, so we have to hold
         * @ubi->volumes_lock.
         */
        spin_lock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
        vol = ubi->volumes[idx];
        if (!vol) {
                dbg_eba("volume %d was removed meanwhile", vol_id);
                spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
                goto out_unlock;
        }

        pnum = vol->eba_tbl[lnum];
        if (pnum != from) {
                dbg_eba("LEB %d:%d is no longer mapped to PEB %d, mapped to "
                        "PEB %d, cancel", vol_id, lnum, from, pnum);
                spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);
                goto out_unlock;
        }
        spin_unlock(&ubi->volumes_lock);

        /* OK, now the LEB is locked and we can safely start moving it */

        dbg_eba("read %d bytes of data", aldata_size);
        err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, buf, from, 0, aldata_size);
        if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS) {
                ubi_warn("error %d while reading data from PEB %d",
                         err, from);
                goto out_unlock;
        }

        /*
         * Now we have got to calculate how much data we have to to copy. In
         * case of a static volume it is fairly easy - the VID header contains
         * the data size. In case of a dynamic volume it is more difficult - we
         * have to read the contents, cut 0xFF bytes from the end and copy only
         * the first part. We must do this to avoid writing 0xFF bytes as it
         * may have some side-effects. And not only this. It is important not
         * to include those 0xFFs to CRC because later the they may be filled
         * by data.
         */
        if (vid_hdr->vol_type == UBI_VID_DYNAMIC)
                aldata_size = data_size =
                                ubi_calc_data_len(ubi, buf, data_size);

        cond_resched();
        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, buf, data_size);
        cond_resched();

        /*
         * It may turn out to me that the whole @from physical eraseblock
         * contains only 0xFF bytes. Then we have to only write the VID header
         * and do not write any data. This also means we should not set
         * @vid_hdr->copy_flag, @vid_hdr->data_size, and @vid_hdr->data_crc.
         */
        if (data_size > 0) {
                vid_hdr->copy_flag = 1;
                vid_hdr->data_size = cpu_to_ubi32(data_size);
                vid_hdr->data_crc = cpu_to_ubi32(crc);
        }
        vid_hdr->sqnum = cpu_to_ubi64(next_sqnum(ubi));

        err = ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(ubi, to, vid_hdr);
        if (err)
                goto out_unlock;

        cond_resched();

        /* Read the VID header back and check if it was written correctly */
        err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, to, vid_hdr, 1);
        if (err) {
                if (err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS)
                        ubi_warn("cannot read VID header back from PEB %d", to);
                goto out_unlock;
        }

        if (data_size > 0) {
                err = ubi_io_write_data(ubi, buf, to, 0, aldata_size);
                if (err)
                        goto out_unlock;

                /*
                 * We've written the data and are going to read it back to make
                 * sure it was written correctly.
                 */
                buf1 = kmalloc(aldata_size, GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!buf1) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto out_unlock;
                }

                cond_resched();

                err = ubi_io_read_data(ubi, buf1, to, 0, aldata_size);
                if (err) {
                        if (err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS)
                                ubi_warn("cannot read data back from PEB %d",
                                         to);
                        goto out_unlock;
                }

                cond_resched();

                if (memcmp(buf, buf1, aldata_size)) {
                        ubi_warn("read data back from PEB %d - it is different",
                                 to);
                        goto out_unlock;
                }
        }

        ubi_assert(vol->eba_tbl[lnum] == from);
        vol->eba_tbl[lnum] = to;

        leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        kfree(buf);
        kfree(buf1);

        return 0;

out_unlock:
        leb_write_unlock(ubi, vol_id, lnum);
        kfree(buf);
        kfree(buf1);
        return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_init_scan - initialize the EBA unit using scanning information.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @si: scanning information
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
int ubi_eba_init_scan(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_scan_info *si)
{
        int i, j, err, num_volumes;
        struct ubi_scan_volume *sv;
        struct ubi_volume *vol;
        struct ubi_scan_leb *seb;
        struct rb_node *rb;

        dbg_eba("initialize EBA unit");

        spin_lock_init(&ubi->ltree_lock);
        ubi->ltree = RB_ROOT;

        if (ubi_devices_cnt == 0) {
                ltree_slab = kmem_cache_create("ubi_ltree_slab",
                                               sizeof(struct ltree_entry), 0,
                                               0, &ltree_entry_ctor, NULL);
                if (!ltree_slab)
                        return -ENOMEM;
        }

        ubi->global_sqnum = si->max_sqnum + 1;
        num_volumes = ubi->vtbl_slots + UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT;

        for (i = 0; i < num_volumes; i++) {
                vol = ubi->volumes[i];
                if (!vol)
                        continue;

                cond_resched();

                vol->eba_tbl = kmalloc(vol->reserved_pebs * sizeof(int),
                                       GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!vol->eba_tbl) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto out_free;
                }

                for (j = 0; j < vol->reserved_pebs; j++)
                        vol->eba_tbl[j] = UBI_LEB_UNMAPPED;

                sv = ubi_scan_find_sv(si, idx2vol_id(ubi, i));
                if (!sv)
                        continue;

                ubi_rb_for_each_entry(rb, seb, &sv->root, u.rb) {
                        if (seb->lnum >= vol->reserved_pebs)
                                /*
                                 * This may happen in case of an unclean reboot
                                 * during re-size.
                                 */
                                ubi_scan_move_to_list(sv, seb, &si->erase);
                        vol->eba_tbl[seb->lnum] = seb->pnum;
                }
        }

        if (ubi->bad_allowed) {
                ubi_calculate_reserved(ubi);

                if (ubi->avail_pebs < ubi->beb_rsvd_level) {
                        /* No enough free physical eraseblocks */
                        ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs = ubi->avail_pebs;
                        ubi_warn("cannot reserve enough PEBs for bad PEB "
                                 "handling, reserved %d, need %d",
                                 ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs, ubi->beb_rsvd_level);
                } else
                        ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs = ubi->beb_rsvd_level;

                ubi->avail_pebs -= ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs;
                ubi->rsvd_pebs  += ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs;
        }

        dbg_eba("EBA unit is initialized");
        return 0;

out_free:
        for (i = 0; i < num_volumes; i++) {
                if (!ubi->volumes[i])
                        continue;
                kfree(ubi->volumes[i]->eba_tbl);
        }
        if (ubi_devices_cnt == 0)
                kmem_cache_destroy(ltree_slab);
        return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_eba_close - close EBA unit.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 */
void ubi_eba_close(const struct ubi_device *ubi)
{
        int i, num_volumes = ubi->vtbl_slots + UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT;

        dbg_eba("close EBA unit");

        for (i = 0; i < num_volumes; i++) {
                if (!ubi->volumes[i])
                        continue;
                kfree(ubi->volumes[i]->eba_tbl);
        }
        if (ubi_devices_cnt == 1)
                kmem_cache_destroy(ltree_slab);
}