#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/mount.h>
#include <linux/pipe_fs_i.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
+#include <linux/syscalls.h>
+#include <linux/fcntl.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/ioctls.h>
/*
+ * The max size that a non-root user is allowed to grow the pipe. Can
+ * be set by root in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-pages
+ */
+unsigned int pipe_max_pages = PIPE_DEF_BUFFERS * 16;
+
+/*
* We use a start+len construction, which provides full use of the
* allocated memory.
* -- Florian Coosmann (FGC)
* -- Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com> 2002-05-09
*/
+static void pipe_lock_nested(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, int subclass)
+{
+ if (pipe->inode)
+ mutex_lock_nested(&pipe->inode->i_mutex, subclass);
+}
+
+void pipe_lock(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
+{
+ /*
+ * pipe_lock() nests non-pipe inode locks (for writing to a file)
+ */
+ pipe_lock_nested(pipe, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(pipe_lock);
+
+void pipe_unlock(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
+{
+ if (pipe->inode)
+ mutex_unlock(&pipe->inode->i_mutex);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(pipe_unlock);
+
+void pipe_double_lock(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe1,
+ struct pipe_inode_info *pipe2)
+{
+ BUG_ON(pipe1 == pipe2);
+
+ if (pipe1 < pipe2) {
+ pipe_lock_nested(pipe1, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
+ pipe_lock_nested(pipe2, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
+ } else {
+ pipe_lock_nested(pipe2, I_MUTEX_PARENT);
+ pipe_lock_nested(pipe1, I_MUTEX_CHILD);
+ }
+}
+
/* Drop the inode semaphore and wait for a pipe event, atomically */
void pipe_wait(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
{
* Pipes are system-local resources, so sleeping on them
* is considered a noninteractive wait:
*/
- prepare_to_wait(&pipe->wait, &wait,
- TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_NONINTERACTIVE);
- if (pipe->inode)
- mutex_unlock(&pipe->inode->i_mutex);
+ prepare_to_wait(&pipe->wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
+ pipe_unlock(pipe);
schedule();
finish_wait(&pipe->wait, &wait);
- if (pipe->inode)
- mutex_lock(&pipe->inode->i_mutex);
+ pipe_lock(pipe);
}
static int
*
* Description:
* This function returns a kernel virtual address mapping for the
- * passed in @pipe_buffer. If @atomic is set, an atomic map is provided
+ * pipe_buffer passed in @buf. If @atomic is set, an atomic map is provided
* and the caller has to be careful not to fault before calling
* the unmap function.
*
}
/**
- * generic_pipe_buf_steal - attempt to take ownership of a @pipe_buffer
+ * generic_pipe_buf_steal - attempt to take ownership of a &pipe_buffer
* @pipe: the pipe that the buffer belongs to
* @buf: the buffer to attempt to steal
*
* Description:
- * This function attempts to steal the @struct page attached to
+ * This function attempts to steal the &struct page attached to
* @buf. If successful, this function returns 0 and returns with
* the page locked. The caller may then reuse the page for whatever
- * he wishes, the typical use is insertion into a different file
+ * he wishes; the typical use is insertion into a different file
* page cache.
*/
int generic_pipe_buf_steal(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
}
/**
- * generic_pipe_buf_get - get a reference to a @struct pipe_buffer
+ * generic_pipe_buf_get - get a reference to a &struct pipe_buffer
* @pipe: the pipe that the buffer belongs to
* @buf: the buffer to get a reference to
*
/**
* generic_pipe_buf_confirm - verify contents of the pipe buffer
- * @pipe: the pipe that the buffer belongs to
+ * @info: the pipe that the buffer belongs to
* @buf: the buffer to confirm
*
* Description:
return 0;
}
+/**
+ * generic_pipe_buf_release - put a reference to a &struct pipe_buffer
+ * @pipe: the pipe that the buffer belongs to
+ * @buf: the buffer to put a reference to
+ *
+ * Description:
+ * This function releases a reference to @buf.
+ */
+void generic_pipe_buf_release(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
+ struct pipe_buffer *buf)
+{
+ page_cache_release(buf->page);
+}
+
static const struct pipe_buf_operations anon_pipe_buf_ops = {
.can_merge = 1,
.map = generic_pipe_buf_map,
if (!buf->len) {
buf->ops = NULL;
ops->release(pipe, buf);
- curbuf = (curbuf + 1) & (PIPE_BUFFERS-1);
+ curbuf = (curbuf + 1) & (pipe->buffers - 1);
pipe->curbuf = curbuf;
pipe->nrbufs = --bufs;
do_wakeup = 1;
/* Signal writers asynchronously that there is more room. */
if (do_wakeup) {
- wake_up_interruptible(&pipe->wait);
+ wake_up_interruptible_sync(&pipe->wait);
kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_writers, SIGIO, POLL_OUT);
}
if (ret > 0)
chars = total_len & (PAGE_SIZE-1); /* size of the last buffer */
if (pipe->nrbufs && chars != 0) {
int lastbuf = (pipe->curbuf + pipe->nrbufs - 1) &
- (PIPE_BUFFERS-1);
+ (pipe->buffers - 1);
struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe->bufs + lastbuf;
const struct pipe_buf_operations *ops = buf->ops;
int offset = buf->offset + buf->len;
break;
}
bufs = pipe->nrbufs;
- if (bufs < PIPE_BUFFERS) {
- int newbuf = (pipe->curbuf + bufs) & (PIPE_BUFFERS-1);
+ if (bufs < pipe->buffers) {
+ int newbuf = (pipe->curbuf + bufs) & (pipe->buffers-1);
struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe->bufs + newbuf;
struct page *page = pipe->tmp_page;
char *src;
if (!total_len)
break;
}
- if (bufs < PIPE_BUFFERS)
+ if (bufs < pipe->buffers)
continue;
if (filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
if (!ret)
out:
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
if (do_wakeup) {
- wake_up_interruptible(&pipe->wait);
+ wake_up_interruptible_sync(&pipe->wait);
kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_readers, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
}
if (ret > 0)
return -EBADF;
}
-static int
-pipe_ioctl(struct inode *pino, struct file *filp,
- unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
+static long pipe_ioctl(struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
struct inode *inode = filp->f_path.dentry->d_inode;
struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;
nrbufs = pipe->nrbufs;
while (--nrbufs >= 0) {
count += pipe->bufs[buf].len;
- buf = (buf+1) & (PIPE_BUFFERS-1);
+ buf = (buf+1) & (pipe->buffers - 1);
}
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
}
if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) {
- mask |= (nrbufs < PIPE_BUFFERS) ? POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM : 0;
+ mask |= (nrbufs < pipe->buffers) ? POLLOUT | POLLWRNORM : 0;
/*
* Most Unices do not set POLLERR for FIFOs but on Linux they
* behave exactly like pipes for poll().
if (!pipe->readers && !pipe->writers) {
free_pipe_info(inode);
} else {
- wake_up_interruptible(&pipe->wait);
+ wake_up_interruptible_sync(&pipe->wait);
kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_readers, SIGIO, POLL_IN);
kill_fasync(&pipe->fasync_writers, SIGIO, POLL_OUT);
}
retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &inode->i_pipe->fasync_readers);
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
- if (retval < 0)
- return retval;
-
- return 0;
+ return retval;
}
retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &inode->i_pipe->fasync_writers);
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
- if (retval < 0)
- return retval;
-
- return 0;
+ return retval;
}
int retval;
mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
-
retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &pipe->fasync_readers);
-
- if (retval >= 0)
+ if (retval >= 0) {
retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &pipe->fasync_writers);
-
+ if (retval < 0) /* this can happen only if on == T */
+ fasync_helper(-1, filp, 0, &pipe->fasync_readers);
+ }
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
-
- if (retval < 0)
- return retval;
-
- return 0;
+ return retval;
}
static int
pipe_read_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
- pipe_read_fasync(-1, filp, 0);
return pipe_release(inode, 1, 0);
}
static int
pipe_write_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
- pipe_write_fasync(-1, filp, 0);
return pipe_release(inode, 0, 1);
}
{
int decr, decw;
- pipe_rdwr_fasync(-1, filp, 0);
decr = (filp->f_mode & FMODE_READ) != 0;
decw = (filp->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) != 0;
return pipe_release(inode, decr, decw);
static int
pipe_read_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
- /* We could have perhaps used atomic_t, but this and friends
- below are the only places. So it doesn't seem worthwhile. */
+ int ret = -ENOENT;
+
mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
- inode->i_pipe->readers++;
+
+ if (inode->i_pipe) {
+ ret = 0;
+ inode->i_pipe->readers++;
+ }
+
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
- return 0;
+ return ret;
}
static int
pipe_write_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
+ int ret = -ENOENT;
+
mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
- inode->i_pipe->writers++;
+
+ if (inode->i_pipe) {
+ ret = 0;
+ inode->i_pipe->writers++;
+ }
+
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
- return 0;
+ return ret;
}
static int
pipe_rdwr_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
+ int ret = -ENOENT;
+
mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
- if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_READ)
- inode->i_pipe->readers++;
- if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
- inode->i_pipe->writers++;
+
+ if (inode->i_pipe) {
+ ret = 0;
+ if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_READ)
+ inode->i_pipe->readers++;
+ if (filp->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE)
+ inode->i_pipe->writers++;
+ }
+
mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);
- return 0;
+ return ret;
}
/*
* The file_operations structs are not static because they
* are also used in linux/fs/fifo.c to do operations on FIFOs.
+ *
+ * Pipes reuse fifos' file_operations structs.
*/
-const struct file_operations read_fifo_fops = {
+const struct file_operations read_pipefifo_fops = {
.llseek = no_llseek,
.read = do_sync_read,
.aio_read = pipe_read,
.write = bad_pipe_w,
.poll = pipe_poll,
- .ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
+ .unlocked_ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
.open = pipe_read_open,
.release = pipe_read_release,
.fasync = pipe_read_fasync,
};
-const struct file_operations write_fifo_fops = {
+const struct file_operations write_pipefifo_fops = {
.llseek = no_llseek,
.read = bad_pipe_r,
.write = do_sync_write,
.aio_write = pipe_write,
.poll = pipe_poll,
- .ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
+ .unlocked_ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
.open = pipe_write_open,
.release = pipe_write_release,
.fasync = pipe_write_fasync,
};
-const struct file_operations rdwr_fifo_fops = {
+const struct file_operations rdwr_pipefifo_fops = {
.llseek = no_llseek,
.read = do_sync_read,
.aio_read = pipe_read,
.write = do_sync_write,
.aio_write = pipe_write,
.poll = pipe_poll,
- .ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
- .open = pipe_rdwr_open,
- .release = pipe_rdwr_release,
- .fasync = pipe_rdwr_fasync,
-};
-
-static const struct file_operations read_pipe_fops = {
- .llseek = no_llseek,
- .read = do_sync_read,
- .aio_read = pipe_read,
- .write = bad_pipe_w,
- .poll = pipe_poll,
- .ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
- .open = pipe_read_open,
- .release = pipe_read_release,
- .fasync = pipe_read_fasync,
-};
-
-static const struct file_operations write_pipe_fops = {
- .llseek = no_llseek,
- .read = bad_pipe_r,
- .write = do_sync_write,
- .aio_write = pipe_write,
- .poll = pipe_poll,
- .ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
- .open = pipe_write_open,
- .release = pipe_write_release,
- .fasync = pipe_write_fasync,
-};
-
-static const struct file_operations rdwr_pipe_fops = {
- .llseek = no_llseek,
- .read = do_sync_read,
- .aio_read = pipe_read,
- .write = do_sync_write,
- .aio_write = pipe_write,
- .poll = pipe_poll,
- .ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
+ .unlocked_ioctl = pipe_ioctl,
.open = pipe_rdwr_open,
.release = pipe_rdwr_release,
.fasync = pipe_rdwr_fasync,
pipe = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pipe_inode_info), GFP_KERNEL);
if (pipe) {
- init_waitqueue_head(&pipe->wait);
- pipe->r_counter = pipe->w_counter = 1;
- pipe->inode = inode;
+ pipe->bufs = kzalloc(sizeof(struct pipe_buffer) * PIPE_DEF_BUFFERS, GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (pipe->bufs) {
+ init_waitqueue_head(&pipe->wait);
+ pipe->r_counter = pipe->w_counter = 1;
+ pipe->inode = inode;
+ pipe->buffers = PIPE_DEF_BUFFERS;
+ return pipe;
+ }
+ kfree(pipe);
}
- return pipe;
+ return NULL;
}
void __free_pipe_info(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe)
{
int i;
- for (i = 0; i < PIPE_BUFFERS; i++) {
+ for (i = 0; i < pipe->buffers; i++) {
struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe->bufs + i;
if (buf->ops)
buf->ops->release(pipe, buf);
}
if (pipe->tmp_page)
__free_page(pipe->tmp_page);
+ kfree(pipe->bufs);
kfree(pipe);
}
}
static struct vfsmount *pipe_mnt __read_mostly;
-static int pipefs_delete_dentry(struct dentry *dentry)
-{
- /*
- * At creation time, we pretended this dentry was hashed
- * (by clearing DCACHE_UNHASHED bit in d_flags)
- * At delete time, we restore the truth : not hashed.
- * (so that dput() can proceed correctly)
- */
- dentry->d_flags |= DCACHE_UNHASHED;
- return 0;
-}
/*
* pipefs_dname() is called from d_path().
dentry->d_inode->i_ino);
}
-static struct dentry_operations pipefs_dentry_operations = {
- .d_delete = pipefs_delete_dentry,
+static const struct dentry_operations pipefs_dentry_operations = {
.d_dname = pipefs_dname,
};
inode->i_pipe = pipe;
pipe->readers = pipe->writers = 1;
- inode->i_fop = &rdwr_pipe_fops;
+ inode->i_fop = &rdwr_pipefifo_fops;
/*
* Mark the inode dirty from the very beginning,
*/
inode->i_state = I_DIRTY;
inode->i_mode = S_IFIFO | S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
- inode->i_uid = current->fsuid;
- inode->i_gid = current->fsgid;
+ inode->i_uid = current_fsuid();
+ inode->i_gid = current_fsgid();
inode->i_atime = inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = CURRENT_TIME;
return inode;
return NULL;
}
-struct file *create_write_pipe(void)
+struct file *create_write_pipe(int flags)
{
int err;
struct inode *inode;
struct file *f;
- struct dentry *dentry;
+ struct path path;
struct qstr name = { .name = "" };
- f = get_empty_filp();
- if (!f)
- return ERR_PTR(-ENFILE);
err = -ENFILE;
inode = get_pipe_inode();
if (!inode)
- goto err_file;
+ goto err;
err = -ENOMEM;
- dentry = d_alloc(pipe_mnt->mnt_sb->s_root, &name);
- if (!dentry)
+ path.dentry = d_alloc(pipe_mnt->mnt_sb->s_root, &name);
+ if (!path.dentry)
goto err_inode;
+ path.mnt = mntget(pipe_mnt);
- dentry->d_op = &pipefs_dentry_operations;
- /*
- * We dont want to publish this dentry into global dentry hash table.
- * We pretend dentry is already hashed, by unsetting DCACHE_UNHASHED
- * This permits a working /proc/$pid/fd/XXX on pipes
- */
- dentry->d_flags &= ~DCACHE_UNHASHED;
- d_instantiate(dentry, inode);
- f->f_path.mnt = mntget(pipe_mnt);
- f->f_path.dentry = dentry;
+ path.dentry->d_op = &pipefs_dentry_operations;
+ d_instantiate(path.dentry, inode);
+
+ err = -ENFILE;
+ f = alloc_file(&path, FMODE_WRITE, &write_pipefifo_fops);
+ if (!f)
+ goto err_dentry;
f->f_mapping = inode->i_mapping;
- f->f_flags = O_WRONLY;
- f->f_op = &write_pipe_fops;
- f->f_mode = FMODE_WRITE;
+ f->f_flags = O_WRONLY | (flags & O_NONBLOCK);
f->f_version = 0;
return f;
+ err_dentry:
+ free_pipe_info(inode);
+ path_put(&path);
+ return ERR_PTR(err);
+
err_inode:
free_pipe_info(inode);
iput(inode);
- err_file:
- put_filp(f);
+ err:
return ERR_PTR(err);
}
void free_write_pipe(struct file *f)
{
free_pipe_info(f->f_dentry->d_inode);
- dput(f->f_path.dentry);
- mntput(f->f_path.mnt);
+ path_put(&f->f_path);
put_filp(f);
}
-struct file *create_read_pipe(struct file *wrf)
+struct file *create_read_pipe(struct file *wrf, int flags)
{
- struct file *f = get_empty_filp();
+ /* Grab pipe from the writer */
+ struct file *f = alloc_file(&wrf->f_path, FMODE_READ,
+ &read_pipefifo_fops);
if (!f)
return ERR_PTR(-ENFILE);
- /* Grab pipe from the writer */
- f->f_path.mnt = mntget(wrf->f_path.mnt);
- f->f_path.dentry = dget(wrf->f_path.dentry);
- f->f_mapping = wrf->f_path.dentry->d_inode->i_mapping;
-
- f->f_pos = 0;
- f->f_flags = O_RDONLY;
- f->f_op = &read_pipe_fops;
- f->f_mode = FMODE_READ;
- f->f_version = 0;
+ path_get(&wrf->f_path);
+ f->f_flags = O_RDONLY | (flags & O_NONBLOCK);
return f;
}
-int do_pipe(int *fd)
+int do_pipe_flags(int *fd, int flags)
{
struct file *fw, *fr;
int error;
int fdw, fdr;
- fw = create_write_pipe();
+ if (flags & ~(O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK))
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ fw = create_write_pipe(flags);
if (IS_ERR(fw))
return PTR_ERR(fw);
- fr = create_read_pipe(fw);
+ fr = create_read_pipe(fw, flags);
error = PTR_ERR(fr);
if (IS_ERR(fr))
goto err_write_pipe;
- error = get_unused_fd();
+ error = get_unused_fd_flags(flags);
if (error < 0)
goto err_read_pipe;
fdr = error;
- error = get_unused_fd();
+ error = get_unused_fd_flags(flags);
if (error < 0)
goto err_fdr;
fdw = error;
- error = audit_fd_pair(fdr, fdw);
- if (error < 0)
- goto err_fdw;
-
+ audit_fd_pair(fdr, fdw);
fd_install(fdr, fr);
fd_install(fdw, fw);
fd[0] = fdr;
return 0;
- err_fdw:
- put_unused_fd(fdw);
err_fdr:
put_unused_fd(fdr);
err_read_pipe:
- dput(fr->f_dentry);
- mntput(fr->f_vfsmnt);
+ path_put(&fr->f_path);
put_filp(fr);
err_write_pipe:
free_write_pipe(fw);
}
/*
+ * sys_pipe() is the normal C calling standard for creating
+ * a pipe. It's not the way Unix traditionally does this, though.
+ */
+SYSCALL_DEFINE2(pipe2, int __user *, fildes, int, flags)
+{
+ int fd[2];
+ int error;
+
+ error = do_pipe_flags(fd, flags);
+ if (!error) {
+ if (copy_to_user(fildes, fd, sizeof(fd))) {
+ sys_close(fd[0]);
+ sys_close(fd[1]);
+ error = -EFAULT;
+ }
+ }
+ return error;
+}
+
+SYSCALL_DEFINE1(pipe, int __user *, fildes)
+{
+ return sys_pipe2(fildes, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Allocate a new array of pipe buffers and copy the info over. Returns the
+ * pipe size if successful, or return -ERROR on error.
+ */
+static long pipe_set_size(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe, unsigned long arg)
+{
+ struct pipe_buffer *bufs;
+
+ /*
+ * Must be a power-of-2 currently
+ */
+ if (!is_power_of_2(arg))
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ /*
+ * We can shrink the pipe, if arg >= pipe->nrbufs. Since we don't
+ * expect a lot of shrink+grow operations, just free and allocate
+ * again like we would do for growing. If the pipe currently
+ * contains more buffers than arg, then return busy.
+ */
+ if (arg < pipe->nrbufs)
+ return -EBUSY;
+
+ bufs = kcalloc(arg, sizeof(struct pipe_buffer), GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (unlikely(!bufs))
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ /*
+ * The pipe array wraps around, so just start the new one at zero
+ * and adjust the indexes.
+ */
+ if (pipe->nrbufs) {
+ const unsigned int tail = pipe->nrbufs & (pipe->buffers - 1);
+ const unsigned int head = pipe->nrbufs - tail;
+
+ if (head)
+ memcpy(bufs, pipe->bufs + pipe->curbuf, head * sizeof(struct pipe_buffer));
+ if (tail)
+ memcpy(bufs + head, pipe->bufs + pipe->curbuf, tail * sizeof(struct pipe_buffer));
+ }
+
+ pipe->curbuf = 0;
+ kfree(pipe->bufs);
+ pipe->bufs = bufs;
+ pipe->buffers = arg;
+ return arg;
+}
+
+long pipe_fcntl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
+{
+ struct pipe_inode_info *pipe;
+ long ret;
+
+ pipe = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode->i_pipe;
+ if (!pipe)
+ return -EBADF;
+
+ mutex_lock(&pipe->inode->i_mutex);
+
+ switch (cmd) {
+ case F_SETPIPE_SZ:
+ if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) && arg > pipe_max_pages)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ /*
+ * The pipe needs to be at least 2 pages large to
+ * guarantee POSIX behaviour.
+ */
+ if (arg < 2)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ ret = pipe_set_size(pipe, arg);
+ break;
+ case F_GETPIPE_SZ:
+ ret = pipe->buffers;
+ break;
+ default:
+ ret = -EINVAL;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ mutex_unlock(&pipe->inode->i_mutex);
+ return ret;
+}
+
+/*
* pipefs should _never_ be mounted by userland - too much of security hassle,
* no real gain from having the whole whorehouse mounted. So we don't need
* any operations on the root directory. However, we need a non-trivial