2 Advanced Linux Sound Architecture - Driver
3 ==========================================
10 To enable ALSA support you need at least to build the kernel with
11 primary sound card support (CONFIG_SOUND). Since ALSA can emulate OSS,
12 you don't have to choose any of the OSS modules.
14 Enable "OSS API emulation" (CONFIG_SND_OSSEMUL) and both OSS mixer and
15 PCM supports if you want to run OSS applications with ALSA.
17 If you want to support the WaveTable functionality on cards such as
18 SB Live! then you need to enable "Sequencer support"
19 (CONFIG_SND_SEQUENCER).
21 To make ALSA debug messages more verbose, enable the "Verbose printk"
22 and "Debug" options. To check for memory leaks, turn on "Debug memory"
23 too. "Debug detection" will add checks for the detection of cards.
25 Please note that all the ALSA ISA drivers support the Linux isapnp API
26 (if the card supports ISA PnP). You don't need to configure the cards
33 This depends on your distribution, but normally you use the /dev/MAKEDEV
34 script to create the necessary device nodes. On some systems you use a
35 script named 'snddevices'.
41 The user can load modules with options. If the module supports more than
42 one card and you have more than one card of the same type then you can
43 specify multiple values for the option separated by commas.
45 Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed.
50 The core ALSA module. It is used by all ALSA card drivers.
51 It takes the following options which have global effects.
53 major - major number for sound driver
56 - limiting card index for auto-loading (1-8)
58 - For auto-loading more than one card, specify this
59 option together with snd-card-X aliases.
65 The PCM OSS emulation module.
66 This module takes options which change the mapping of devices.
68 dsp_map - PCM device number maps assigned to the 1st OSS device.
70 adsp_map - PCM device number maps assigned to the 2st OSS device.
73 - Don't block opening busy PCM devices. Default: 1
75 For example, when dsp_map=2, /dev/dsp will be mapped to PCM #2 of
76 the card #0. Similarly, when adsp_map=0, /dev/adsp will be mapped
77 to PCM #0 of the card #0.
78 For changing the second or later card, specify the option with
79 commas, such like "dsp_map=0,1".
81 nonblock_open option is used to change the behavior of the PCM
82 regarding opening the device. When this option is non-zero,
83 opening a busy OSS PCM device won't be blocked but return
84 immediately with EAGAIN (just like O_NONBLOCK flag).
89 This module takes options which change the mapping of devices.
90 similar to those of the snd-pcm-oss module.
92 midi_map - MIDI device number maps assigned to the 1st OSS device.
94 amidi_map - MIDI device number maps assigned to the 2st OSS device.
97 Common parameters for top sound card modules
98 --------------------------------------------
100 Each of top level sound card module takes the following options.
102 index - index (slot #) of sound card
103 - Values: 0 through 31 or negative
104 - If nonnegative, assign that index number
105 - if negative, interpret as a bitmask of permissible
106 indices; the first free permitted index is assigned
108 id - card ID (identifier or name)
109 - Can be up to 15 characters long
110 - Default: the card type
111 - A directory by this name is created under /proc/asound/
112 containing information about the card
113 - This ID can be used instead of the index number in
116 - Default: enabled, for PCI and ISA PnP cards
121 Module for AdLib FM cards.
123 port - port # for OPL chip
125 This module supports multiple cards. It does not support autoprobe, so
126 the port must be specified. For actual AdLib FM cards it will be 0x388.
127 Note that this card does not have PCM support and no mixer; only FM
130 Make sure you have "sbiload" from the alsa-tools package available and,
131 after loading the module, find out the assigned ALSA sequencer port
132 number through "sbiload -l". Example output:
134 Port Client name Port name
135 64:0 OPL2 FM synth OPL2 FM Port
137 Load the std.sb and drums.sb patches also supplied by sbiload:
139 sbiload -p 64:0 std.sb drums.sb
141 If you use this driver to drive an OPL3, you can use std.o3 and drums.o3
142 instead. To have the card produce sound, use aplaymidi from alsa-utils:
144 aplaymidi -p 64:0 foo.mid
149 Module for sound cards based on Analog Devices AD1816A/AD1815 ISA chips.
151 port - port # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
152 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
153 fm_port - port # for OPL3 (PnP setup)
154 irq - IRQ # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
155 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
156 dma1 - first DMA # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
157 dma2 - second DMA # for AD1816A chip (PnP setup)
158 clockfreq - Clock frequency for AD1816A chip (default = 0, 33000Hz)
160 This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP.
165 Module for sound cards based on AD1848/AD1847/CS4248 ISA chips.
167 port - port # for AD1848 chip
168 irq - IRQ # for AD1848 chip
169 dma1 - DMA # for AD1848 chip (0,1,3)
171 This module supports multiple cards. It does not support autoprobe
172 thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
174 The power-management is supported.
179 Module for Analog Devices AD1889 chips.
181 ac97_quirk - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
182 See the description of intel8x0 module for details.
184 This module supports multiple cards.
189 Module for ALi M5451 PCI chip.
191 pcm_channels - Number of hardware channels assigned for PCM
192 spdif - Support SPDIF I/O
195 This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
197 The power-management is supported.
202 Module for sound cards based on Avance Logic ALS100/ALS120 ISA chips.
204 port - port # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
205 irq - IRQ # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
206 dma8 - 8-bit DMA # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
207 dma16 - 16-bit DMA # for ALS100 (SB16) chip (PnP setup)
208 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
209 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 (PnP setup)
210 fm_port - port # for OPL3 FM (PnP setup)
212 This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP.
214 The power-management is supported.
219 Module for Avance Logic ALS300 and ALS300+
221 This module supports multiple cards.
223 The power-management is supported.
228 Module for sound cards based on Avance Logic ALS4000 PCI chip.
230 joystick_port - port # for legacy joystick support.
231 0 = disabled (default), 1 = auto-detect
233 This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP.
235 The power-management is supported.
240 Module for ATI IXP 150/200/250/400 AC97 controllers.
242 ac97_clock - AC'97 clock (default = 48000)
243 ac97_quirk - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
244 See "AC97 Quirk Option" section below.
245 ac97_codec - Workaround to specify which AC'97 codec
246 instead of probing. If this works for you
247 file a bug with your `lspci -vn` output.
249 -1 -- Default behavior.
250 0-2 -- Use the specified codec.
251 spdif_aclink - S/PDIF transfer over AC-link (default = 1)
253 This module supports one card and autoprobe.
255 ATI IXP has two different methods to control SPDIF output. One is
256 over AC-link and another is over the "direct" SPDIF output. The
257 implementation depends on the motherboard, and you'll need to
258 choose the correct one via spdif_aclink module option.
260 The power-management is supported.
262 Module snd-atiixp-modem
263 -----------------------
265 Module for ATI IXP 150/200/250 AC97 modem controllers.
267 This module supports one card and autoprobe.
269 Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
272 The power-management is supported.
274 Module snd-au8810, snd-au8820, snd-au8830
275 -----------------------------------------
277 Module for Aureal Vortex, Vortex2 and Advantage device.
279 pcifix - Control PCI workarounds
280 0 = Disable all workarounds
281 1 = Force the PCI latency of the Aureal card to 0xff
282 2 = Force the Extend PCI#2 Internal Master for Efficient
283 Handling of Dummy Requests on the VIA KT133 AGP Bridge
284 3 = Force both settings
285 255 = Autodetect what is required (default)
287 This module supports all ADB PCM channels, ac97 mixer, SPDIF, hardware
288 EQ, mpu401, gameport. A3D and wavetable support are still in development.
289 Development and reverse engineering work is being coordinated at
290 http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/openvortex/
291 SPDIF output has a copy of the AC97 codec output, unless you use the
292 "spdif" pcm device, which allows raw data passthru.
293 The hardware EQ hardware and SPDIF is only present in the Vortex2 and
296 Note: Some ALSA mixer applications don't handle the SPDIF sample rate
297 control correctly. If you have problems regarding this, try
298 another ALSA compliant mixer (alsamixer works).
303 Module for sound cards based on Aztech System AZT2320 ISA chip (PnP only).
305 port - port # for AZT2320 chip (PnP setup)
306 wss_port - port # for WSS (PnP setup)
307 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
308 fm_port - FM port # for AZT2320 chip (PnP setup)
309 irq - IRQ # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup)
310 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup)
311 dma1 - 1st DMA # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup)
312 dma2 - 2nd DMA # for AZT2320 (WSS) chip (PnP setup)
314 This module supports multiple cards, PnP and autoprobe.
316 The power-management is supported.
321 Module for sound cards based on Aztech AZF3328 PCI chip.
323 joystick - Enable joystick (default off)
325 This module supports multiple cards.
330 Module for video cards based on Bt87x chips.
332 digital_rate - Override the default digital rate (Hz)
333 load_all - Load the driver even if the card model isn't known
335 This module supports multiple cards.
337 Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
343 Module for Creative Audigy LS and SB Live 24bit
345 This module supports multiple cards.
351 Module for sound cards based on C-Media CMI8330 ISA chips.
353 wssport - port # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
354 wssirq - IRQ # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
355 wssdma - first DMA # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
356 sbport - port # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
357 sbirq - IRQ # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
358 sbdma8 - 8bit DMA # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
359 sbdma16 - 16bit DMA # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
361 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
363 The power-management is supported.
368 Module for C-Media CMI8338/8738/8768/8770 PCI sound cards.
370 mpu_port - port address of MIDI interface (8338 only):
371 0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330 = legacy port,
372 0 = disable (default)
373 fm_port - port address of OPL-3 FM synthesizer (8x38 only):
375 1 = integrated PCI port (default on 8738),
377 soft_ac3 - Software-conversion of raw SPDIF packets (model 033 only)
379 joystick_port - Joystick port address (0 = disable, 1 = auto-detect)
381 This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards.
383 The power-management is supported.
388 Module for sound cards based on CS4231 ISA chips.
390 port - port # for CS4231 chip
391 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (optional), -1 = disable
392 irq - IRQ # for CS4231 chip
393 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART
394 dma1 - first DMA # for CS4231 chip
395 dma2 - second DMA # for CS4231 chip
397 This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe
398 thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
400 The power-management is supported.
405 Module for sound cards based on CS4232/CS4232A ISA chips.
407 port - port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x534)
408 cport - control port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x120,0x210,0xf00)
409 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable
410 fm_port - FM port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x388), -1 = disable
411 irq - IRQ # for CS4232 chip (5,7,9,11,12,15)
412 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15)
413 dma1 - first DMA # for CS4232 chip (0,1,3)
414 dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha CS4232 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
415 isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
417 This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe
418 thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
420 The power-management is supported.
425 Module for sound cards based on CS4235/CS4236/CS4236B/CS4237B/
426 CS4238B/CS4239 ISA chips.
428 port - port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x534)
429 cport - control port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x120,0x210,0xf00)
430 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable
431 fm_port - FM port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x388), -1 = disable
432 irq - IRQ # for CS4236 chip (5,7,9,11,12,15)
433 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15)
434 dma1 - first DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3)
435 dma2 - second DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
436 isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
438 This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe
439 (if ISA PnP is not used) thus main port and control port must be
440 specified!!! Other ports are optional.
442 The power-management is supported.
447 Module for Cirrus Logic CS4281 soundchip.
449 dual_codec - Secondary codec ID (0 = disable, default)
451 This module supports multiple cards.
453 The power-management is supported.
458 Module for PCI sound cards based on CS4610/CS4612/CS4614/CS4615/CS4622/
459 CS4624/CS4630/CS4280 PCI chips.
461 external_amp - Force to enable external amplifier.
462 thinkpad - Force to enable Thinkpad's CLKRUN control.
463 mmap_valid - Support OSS mmap mode (default = 0).
465 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
466 Usually external amp and CLKRUN controls are detected automatically
467 from PCI sub vendor/device ids. If they don't work, give the options
470 The power-management is supported.
475 Module for Cyrix/NatSemi Geode 5530 chip.
477 Module snd-cs5535audio
478 ----------------------
480 Module for multifunction CS5535 companion PCI device
482 The power-management is supported.
487 Module for Echoaudio Darla20
489 This module supports multiple cards.
490 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
495 Module for Echoaudio Darla24
497 This module supports multiple cards.
498 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
503 Module for Diamond Technologies DT-019X / Avance Logic ALS-007 (PnP
506 port - Port # (PnP setup)
507 mpu_port - Port # for MPU-401 (PnP setup)
508 fm_port - Port # for FM OPL-3 (PnP setup)
509 irq - IRQ # (PnP setup)
510 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 (PnP setup)
511 dma8 - DMA # (PnP setup)
513 This module supports multiple cards. This module is enabled only with
516 The power-management is supported.
521 Module for the dummy sound card. This "card" doesn't do any output
522 or input, but you may use this module for any application which
523 requires a sound card (like RealPlayer).
525 The power-management is supported.
530 Module for Echoaudio 3G cards (Gina3G/Layla3G)
532 This module supports multiple cards.
533 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
538 Module for EMU10K1/EMU10k2 based PCI sound cards.
539 * Sound Blaster Live!
540 * Sound Blaster PCI 512
541 * Emu APS (partially supported)
542 * Sound Blaster Audigy
544 extin - bitmap of available external inputs for FX8010 (see bellow)
545 extout - bitmap of available external outputs for FX8010 (see bellow)
546 seq_ports - allocated sequencer ports (4 by default)
547 max_synth_voices - limit of voices used for wavetable (64 by default)
548 max_buffer_size - specifies the maximum size of wavetable/pcm buffers
549 given in MB unit. Default value is 128.
550 enable_ir - enable IR
552 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
554 Input & Output configurations [extin/extout]
555 * Creative Card wo/Digital out [0x0003/0x1f03]
556 * Creative Card w/Digital out [0x0003/0x1f0f]
557 * Creative Card w/Digital CD in [0x000f/0x1f0f]
558 * Creative Card wo/Digital out + LiveDrive [0x3fc3/0x1fc3]
559 * Creative Card w/Digital out + LiveDrive [0x3fc3/0x1fcf]
560 * Creative Card w/Digital CD in + LiveDrive [0x3fcf/0x1fcf]
561 * Creative Card wo/Digital out + Digital I/O 2 [0x0fc3/0x1f0f]
562 * Creative Card w/Digital out + Digital I/O 2 [0x0fc3/0x1f0f]
563 * Creative Card w/Digital CD in + Digital I/O 2 [0x0fcf/0x1f0f]
564 * Creative Card 5.1/w Digital out + LiveDrive [0x3fc3/0x1fff]
565 * Creative Card 5.1 (c) 2003 [0x3fc3/0x7cff]
566 * Creative Card all ins and outs [0x3fff/0x7fff]
568 The power-management is supported.
573 Module for Creative Emu10k1X (SB Live Dell OEM version)
575 This module supports multiple cards.
580 Module for Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1370 PCI sound cards.
581 * SoundBlaster PCI 64
582 * SoundBlaster PCI 128
584 joystick - Enable joystick (default off)
586 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
588 The power-management is supported.
593 Module for Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1371 PCI sound cards.
594 * SoundBlaster PCI 64
595 * SoundBlaster PCI 128
596 * SoundBlaster Vibra PCI
598 joystick_port - port # for joystick (0x200,0x208,0x210,0x218),
599 0 = disable (default), 1 = auto-detect
601 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
603 The power-management is supported.
608 Module for sound cards based on ESS ES968 chip (PnP only).
610 port - port # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup)
611 irq - IRQ # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup)
612 dma1 - DMA # for ES968 (SB8) chip (PnP setup)
614 This module supports multiple cards, PnP and autoprobe.
616 The power-management is supported.
621 Module for ESS AudioDrive ES-1688 and ES-688 sound cards.
623 port - port # for ES-1688 chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
624 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable (default)
625 irq - IRQ # for ES-1688 chip (5,7,9,10)
626 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 port (5,7,9,10)
627 dma8 - DMA # for ES-1688 chip (0,1,3)
629 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port).
634 Module for ESS AudioDrive ES-18xx sound cards.
636 port - port # for ES-18xx chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
637 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable (default)
638 fm_port - port # for FM (optional, not used)
639 irq - IRQ # for ES-18xx chip (5,7,9,10)
640 dma1 - first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3)
641 dma2 - first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3)
642 isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
644 This module supports multiple cards, ISA PnP and autoprobe (without MPU-401
645 port if native ISA PnP routines are not used).
646 When dma2 is equal with dma1, the driver works as half-duplex.
648 The power-management is supported.
653 Module for sound cards based on ESS Solo-1 (ES1938,ES1946) chips.
655 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
657 The power-management is supported.
662 Module for sound cards based on ESS Maestro-1/2/2E (ES1968/ES1978) chips.
664 total_bufsize - total buffer size in kB (1-4096kB)
665 pcm_substreams_p - playback channels (1-8, default=2)
666 pcm_substreams_c - capture channels (1-8, default=0)
667 clock - clock (0 = auto-detection)
668 use_pm - support the power-management (0 = off, 1 = on,
670 enable_mpu - enable MPU401 (0 = off, 1 = on, 2 = auto (default))
671 joystick - enable joystick (default off)
673 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
675 The power-management is supported.
680 Module for ForteMedia FM801 based PCI sound cards.
682 tea575x_tuner - Enable TEA575x tuner
683 - 1 = MediaForte 256-PCS
684 - 2 = MediaForte 256-PCPR
685 - 3 = MediaForte 64-PCR
686 - High 16-bits are video (radio) device number + 1
687 - example: 0x10002 (MediaForte 256-PCPR, device 1)
689 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
691 The power-management is supported.
696 Module for Echoaudio Gina20
698 This module supports multiple cards.
699 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
704 Module for Echoaudio Gina24
706 This module supports multiple cards.
707 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
709 Module snd-gusclassic
710 ---------------------
712 Module for Gravis UltraSound Classic sound card.
714 port - port # for GF1 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
715 irq - IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
716 dma1 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
717 dma2 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
718 joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
719 voices - GF1 voices limit (14-32)
720 pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices
722 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
724 Module snd-gusextreme
725 ---------------------
727 Module for Gravis UltraSound Extreme (Synergy ViperMax) sound card.
729 port - port # for ES-1688 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
730 gf1_port - port # for GF1 chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260,0x270)
731 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable
732 irq - IRQ # for ES-1688 chip (5,7,9,10)
733 gf1_irq - IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
734 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 port (5,7,9,10)
735 dma8 - DMA # for ES-1688 chip (0,1,3)
736 dma1 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
737 joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
738 voices - GF1 voices limit (14-32)
739 pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices
741 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port).
746 Module for Gravis UltraSound MAX sound card.
748 port - port # for GF1 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
749 irq - IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
750 dma1 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
751 dma2 - DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
752 joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
753 voices - GF1 voices limit (14-32)
754 pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices
756 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
761 Module for Intel HD Audio (ICH6, ICH6M, ESB2, ICH7, ICH8),
762 ATI SB450, SB600, RS600,
766 model - force the model name
767 position_fix - Fix DMA pointer (0 = auto, 1 = none, 2 = POSBUF, 3 = FIFO size)
768 probe_mask - Bitmask to probe codecs (default = -1, meaning all slots)
769 single_cmd - Use single immediate commands to communicate with
770 codecs (for debugging only)
771 enable_msi - Enable Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI) (default = off)
772 power_save - Automatic power-saving timtout (in second, 0 =
773 disable, default = 10)
774 power_save_controller - Reset HD-audio controller in power-saving mode
777 This module supports one card and autoprobe.
779 Each codec may have a model table for different configurations.
780 If your machine isn't listed there, the default (usually minimal)
781 configuration is set up. You can pass "model=<name>" option to
782 specify a certain model in such a case. There are different
783 models depending on the codec chip.
785 Model name Description
786 ---------- -----------
788 3stack 3-jack in back and a headphone out
789 3stack-digout 3-jack in back, a HP out and a SPDIF out
790 5stack 5-jack in back, 2-jack in front
791 5stack-digout 5-jack in back, 2-jack in front, a SPDIF out
792 6stack 6-jack in back, 2-jack in front
793 6stack-digout 6-jack with a SPDIF out
795 z71v 3-jack (HP shared SPDIF)
796 asus 3-jack (ASUS Mobo)
798 asus-dig ASUS with SPDIF out
799 asus-dig2 ASUS with SPDIF out (using GPIO2)
801 fujitsu Fujitsu Laptops (Pi1536)
803 lg LG laptop (m1 express dual)
804 lg-lw LG LW20/LW25 laptop
806 clevo Clevo laptops (m520G, m665n)
807 test for testing/debugging purpose, almost all controls can be
808 adjusted. Appearing only when compiled with
810 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
814 hp-3013 HP machines (3013-variant)
815 fujitsu Fujitsu S7020
817 will Will laptops (PB V7900)
818 replacer Replacer 672V
819 basic fixed pin assignment (old default model)
820 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
823 fujitsu Fujitsu Laptop
824 hp-bpc HP xw4400/6400/8400/9400 laptops
825 hp-bpc-d7000 HP BPC D7000
828 hippo Hippo (ATI) with jack detection, Sony UX-90s
829 hippo_1 Hippo (Benq) with jack detection
830 sony-assamd Sony ASSAMD
831 basic fixed pin assignment w/o SPDIF
832 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
838 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
841 3stack-dig 3-stack (2-channel) with SPDIF
842 3stack-6ch 3-stack (6-channel)
843 3stack-6ch-dig 3-stack (6-channel) with SPDIF
844 6stack-dig 6-stack with SPDIF
845 lenovo-101e Lenovo laptop
846 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
849 3stack-dig 3-jack with SPDIF I/O
850 6stack-dig 6-jack digital with SPDIF I/O
852 macpro MacPro support
853 mbp3 Macbook Pro rev3
854 imac24 iMac 24'' with jack detection
856 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
859 3stack-dig 3-jack with SPDIF I/O
860 6stack-dig 6-jack digital with SPDIF I/O
861 3stack-6ch 3-jack 6-channel
862 3stack-6ch-dig 3-jack 6-channel with SPDIF I/O
863 6stack-dig-demo 6-jack digital for Intel demo board
864 acer Acer laptops (Travelmate 3012WTMi, Aspire 5600, etc)
865 acer-aspire Acer Aspire 9810
866 medion Medion Laptops
867 medion-md2 Medion MD2
869 targa-2ch-dig Targs/MSI with 2-channel
870 laptop-eapd 3-jack with SPDIF I/O and EAPD (Clevo M540JE, M550JE)
871 lenovo-101e Lenovo 101E
872 lenovo-nb0763 Lenovo NB0763
873 lenovo-ms7195-dig Lenovo MS7195
875 6stack-hp HP machines with 6stack (Nettle boards)
876 3stack-hp HP machines with 3stack (Lucknow, Samba boards)
877 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
881 3stack-dig 3-jack with SPDIF I/O
882 6stack-dig 6-jack with SPDIF I/O
883 3stack-660 3-jack (for ALC660)
884 uniwill-m31 Uniwill M31 laptop
885 toshiba Toshiba laptop support
886 asus Asus laptop support
887 asus-laptop ASUS F2/F3 laptops
888 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
892 3stack-dig 3-jack with SPDIF OUT
893 6stack-dig 6-jack with SPDIF OUT
894 3stack-660 3-jack (for ALC660VD)
895 3stack-660-digout 3-jack with SPDIF OUT (for ALC660VD)
896 lenovo Lenovo 3000 C200
897 dallas Dallas laptops
899 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
902 minimal 3-jack in back
903 min_fp 3-jack in back, 2-jack in front
904 full 6-jack in back, 2-jack in front
905 full_dig 6-jack in back, 2-jack in front, SPDIF I/O
906 allout 5-jack in back, 2-jack in front, SPDIF out
907 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
910 3stack 3-stack mode (default)
917 basic 3-jack (default)
919 thinkpad Lenovo Thinkpad T60/X60/Z60
926 basic default configuration
927 thinkpad Lenovo Thinkpad T61/X61
930 6stack 6-jack, separate surrounds (default)
931 3stack 3-stack, shared surrounds
932 laptop 2-channel only (FSC V2060, Samsung M50)
933 laptop-eapd 2-channel with EAPD (Samsung R65, ASUS A6J)
934 ultra 2-channel with EAPD (Samsung Ultra tablet PC)
938 6stack-dig ditto with SPDIF
940 3stack-dig ditto with SPDIF
941 laptop 3-jack with hp-jack automute
942 laptop-dig ditto with SPDIF
943 auto auto-config reading BIOS (default)
947 test for testing/debugging purpose, almost all controls
948 can be adjusted. Appearing only when compiled with
952 laptop Basic Laptop config
953 laptop-hp Laptop config for some HP models (subdevice 30A5)
954 laptop-eapd Laptop config with EAPD support
955 test for testing/debugging purpose, almost all controls
956 can be adjusted. Appearing only when compiled with
961 dell-m21 Dell Inspiron 630m, Dell Inspiron 640m
962 dell-m22 Dell Latitude D620, Dell Latitude D820
963 dell-m23 Dell XPS M1710, Dell Precision M90
964 dell-m24 Dell Latitude 120L
965 dell-m25 Dell Inspiron E1505n
966 dell-m26 Dell Inspiron 1501
967 dell-m27 Dell Inspiron E1705/9400
971 dell-m42 Dell (unknown)
972 dell-m43 Dell Precision
973 dell-m44 Dell Inspiron
978 5stack D945 5stack + SPDIF
979 intel-mac-v1 Intel Mac Type 1
980 intel-mac-v2 Intel Mac Type 2
981 intel-mac-v3 Intel Mac Type 3
982 intel-mac-v4 Intel Mac Type 4
983 intel-mac-v5 Intel Mac Type 5
984 macmini Intel Mac Mini (equivalent with type 3)
985 macbook Intel Mac Book (eq. type 5)
986 macbook-pro-v1 Intel Mac Book Pro 1st generation (eq. type 3)
987 macbook-pro Intel Mac Book Pro 2nd generation (eq. type 3)
988 imac-intel Intel iMac (eq. type 2)
989 imac-intel-20 Intel iMac (newer version) (eq. type 3)
990 dell-d81 Dell (unknown)
991 dell-d82 Dell (unknown)
992 dell-m81 Dell (unknown)
993 dell-m82 Dell XPS M1210
996 ref Reference board, base config
997 m2-2 Some Gateway MX series laptops
998 m6 Some Gateway NX series laptops
999 pa6 Gateway NX860 series
1001 STAC9227/9228/9229/927x
1004 5stack D965 5stack + SPDIF
1005 dell-3stack Dell Dimension E520
1008 vaio Setup for VAIO FE550G/SZ110
1009 vaio-ar Setup for VAIO AR
1011 The model name "genric" is treated as a special case. When this
1012 model is given, the driver uses the generic codec parser without
1013 "codec-patch". It's sometimes good for testing and debugging.
1015 If the default configuration doesn't work and one of the above
1016 matches with your device, report it together with the PCI
1017 subsystem ID (output of "lspci -nv") to ALSA BTS or alsa-devel
1018 ML (see the section "Links and Addresses").
1020 When CONFIG_SND_HDA_POWER_SAVE is set, two options, power_save and
1021 power_save_controller become available. power_save specifies the
1022 time to turn off the power automatically at idle status. When
1023 power_save_controller is true, the controller is also turned off.
1024 This might result in more obvious click noise at turning on/off.
1026 Note 2: If you get click noises on output, try the module option
1027 position_fix=1 or 2. position_fix=1 will use the SD_LPIB
1028 register value without FIFO size correction as the current
1029 DMA pointer. position_fix=2 will make the driver to use
1030 the position buffer instead of reading SD_LPIB register.
1031 (Usually SD_LPLIB register is more accurate than the
1034 NB: If you get many "azx_get_response timeout" messages at
1035 loading, it's likely a problem of interrupts (e.g. ACPI irq
1036 routing). Try to boot with options like "pci=noacpi". Also, you
1037 can try "single_cmd=1" module option. This will switch the
1038 communication method between HDA controller and codecs to the
1039 single immediate commands instead of CORB/RIRB. Basically, the
1040 single command mode is provided only for BIOS, and you won't get
1041 unsolicited events, too. But, at least, this works independently
1042 from the irq. Remember this is a last resort, and should be
1043 avoided as much as possible...
1045 MORE NOTES ON "azx_get_response timeout" PROBLEMS:
1046 On some hardwares, you may need to add a proper probe_mask option
1047 to avoid the "azx_get_response timeout" problem above, instead.
1048 This occurs when the access to non-existing or non-working codec slot
1049 (likely a modem one) causes a stall of the communication via HD-audio
1050 bus. You can see which codec slots are probed by enabling
1051 CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_DETECT, or simply from the file name of the codec
1052 proc files. Then limit the slots to probe by probe_mask option.
1053 For example, probe_mask=1 means to probe only the first slot, and
1054 probe_mask=4 means only the third slot.
1056 The power-management is supported.
1061 Module for RME Hammerfall DSP audio interface(s)
1063 This module supports multiple cards.
1065 Note: The firmware data can be automatically loaded via hotplug
1066 when CONFIG_FW_LOADER is set. Otherwise, you need to load
1067 the firmware via hdsploader utility included in alsa-tools
1069 The firmware data is found in alsa-firmware package.
1071 Note: snd-page-alloc module does the job which snd-hammerfall-mem
1072 module did formerly. It will allocate the buffers in advance
1073 when any HDSP cards are found. To make the buffer
1074 allocation sure, load snd-page-alloc module in the early
1075 stage of boot sequence. See "Early Buffer Allocation"
1081 Module for RME HDSP MADI board.
1083 precise_ptr - Enable precise pointer, or disable.
1084 line_outs_monitor - Send playback streams to analog outs by default.
1085 enable_monitor - Enable Analog Out on Channel 63/64 by default.
1087 See hdspm.txt for details.
1092 Module for Envy24 (ICE1712) based PCI sound cards.
1093 * MidiMan M Audio Delta 1010
1094 * MidiMan M Audio Delta 1010LT
1095 * MidiMan M Audio Delta DiO 2496
1096 * MidiMan M Audio Delta 66
1097 * MidiMan M Audio Delta 44
1098 * MidiMan M Audio Delta 410
1099 * MidiMan M Audio Audiophile 2496
1102 * TerraTec EWX 24/96
1103 * TerraTec DMX 6Fire
1105 * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24
1106 * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24 Value
1107 * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24 Media 7.1
1108 * Event Electronics, EZ8
1110 * Lionstracs, Mediastaton
1112 model - Use the given board model, one of the following:
1113 delta1010, dio2496, delta66, delta44, audiophile, delta410,
1114 delta1010lt, vx442, ewx2496, ews88mt, ews88mt_new, ews88d,
1115 dmx6fire, dsp24, dsp24_value, dsp24_71, ez8,
1116 phase88, mediastation
1117 omni - Omni I/O support for MidiMan M-Audio Delta44/66
1118 cs8427_timeout - reset timeout for the CS8427 chip (S/PDIF transceiver)
1119 in msec resolution, default value is 500 (0.5 sec)
1121 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe. Note: The consumer part
1122 is not used with all Envy24 based cards (for example in the MidiMan Delta
1125 Note: The supported board is detected by reading EEPROM or PCI
1126 SSID (if EEPROM isn't available). You can override the
1127 model by passing "model" module option in case that the
1128 driver isn't configured properly or you want to try another
1134 Module for Envy24HT (VT/ICE1724), Envy24PT (VT1720) based PCI sound cards.
1135 * MidiMan M Audio Revolution 5.1
1136 * MidiMan M Audio Revolution 7.1
1137 * MidiMan M Audio Audiophile 192
1139 * TerraTec Aureon 5.1 Sky
1140 * TerraTec Aureon 7.1 Space
1141 * TerraTec Aureon 7.1 Universe
1144 * AudioTrak Prodigy 7.1
1145 * AudioTrak Prodigy 7.1LT
1146 * AudioTrak Prodigy 192
1148 * Albatron K8X800 Pro II
1149 * Chaintech ZNF3-150
1150 * Chaintech ZNF3-250
1155 model - Use the given board model, one of the following:
1156 revo51, revo71, amp2000, prodigy71, prodigy71lt,
1157 prodigy192, aureon51, aureon71, universe, ap192,
1158 k8x800, phase22, phase28, ms300, av710
1160 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
1162 Note: The supported board is detected by reading EEPROM or PCI
1163 SSID (if EEPROM isn't available). You can override the
1164 model by passing "model" module option in case that the
1165 driver isn't configured properly or you want to try another
1171 Module for Echoaudio Indigo
1173 This module supports multiple cards.
1174 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1179 Module for Echoaudio Indigo DJ
1181 This module supports multiple cards.
1182 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1187 Module for Echoaudio Indigo IO
1189 This module supports multiple cards.
1190 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1195 Module for AC'97 motherboards from Intel and compatibles.
1196 * Intel i810/810E, i815, i820, i830, i84x, MX440
1197 ICH5, ICH6, ICH7, ESB2
1198 * SiS 7012 (SiS 735)
1199 * NVidia NForce, NForce2, NForce3, MCP04, CK804
1201 * AMD AMD768, AMD8111
1204 ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (0 = auto-detect)
1205 ac97_quirk - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
1206 See "AC97 Quirk Option" section below.
1207 buggy_irq - Enable workaround for buggy interrupts on some
1208 motherboards (default yes on nForce chips,
1210 buggy_semaphore - Enable workaround for hardwares with buggy
1211 semaphores (e.g. on some ASUS laptops)
1213 spdif_aclink - Use S/PDIF over AC-link instead of direct connection
1214 from the controller chip
1215 (0 = off, 1 = on, -1 = default)
1217 This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
1219 Note: the latest driver supports auto-detection of chip clock.
1220 if you still encounter too fast playback, specify the clock
1221 explicitly via the module option "ac97_clock=41194".
1223 Joystick/MIDI ports are not supported by this driver. If your
1224 motherboard has these devices, use the ns558 or snd-mpu401
1225 modules, respectively.
1227 The power-management is supported.
1229 Module snd-intel8x0m
1230 --------------------
1232 Module for Intel ICH (i8x0) chipset MC97 modems.
1233 * Intel i810/810E, i815, i820, i830, i84x, MX440
1235 * SiS 7013 (SiS 735)
1236 * NVidia NForce, NForce2, NForce2s, NForce3
1240 ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (0 = auto-detect)
1242 This module supports one card and autoprobe.
1244 Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
1247 The power-management is supported.
1249 Module snd-interwave
1250 --------------------
1252 Module for Gravis UltraSound PnP, Dynasonic 3-D/Pro, STB Sound Rage 32
1253 and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip.
1255 port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
1256 irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
1257 dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7)
1258 dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
1259 joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
1260 midi - 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default)
1261 pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2)
1262 effect - 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0);
1265 This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
1267 Module snd-interwave-stb
1268 ------------------------
1270 Module for UltraSound 32-Pro (sound card from STB used by Compaq)
1271 and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip with TEA6330T
1272 circuit for extended control of bass, treble and master volume.
1274 port - port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
1275 port_tc - tone control (i2c bus) port # for TEA6330T chip (0x350,0x360,0x370,0x380)
1276 irq - IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
1277 dma1 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7)
1278 dma2 - DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
1279 joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
1280 midi - 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default)
1281 pcm_voices - reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2)
1282 effect - 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0);
1285 This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
1290 Module for Korg 1212 IO PCI card
1292 This module supports multiple cards.
1297 Module for Echoaudio Layla20
1299 This module supports multiple cards.
1300 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1305 Module for Echoaudio Layla24
1307 This module supports multiple cards.
1308 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1313 Module for Allegro/Maestro3 chips
1315 external_amp - enable external amp (enabled by default)
1316 amp_gpio - GPIO pin number for external amp (0-15) or
1317 -1 for default pin (8 for allegro, 1 for
1320 This module supports autoprobe and multiple chips.
1322 Note: the binding of amplifier is dependent on hardware.
1323 If there is no sound even though all channels are unmuted, try to
1324 specify other gpio connection via amp_gpio option.
1325 For example, a Panasonic notebook might need "amp_gpio=0x0d"
1328 The power-management is supported.
1333 Module for Echoaudio Mia
1335 This module supports multiple cards.
1336 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1341 Module for Miro soundcards: miroSOUND PCM 1 pro,
1343 miroSOUND PCM 20 Radio.
1345 port - Port # (0x530,0x604,0xe80,0xf40)
1346 irq - IRQ # (5,7,9,10,11)
1347 dma1 - 1st dma # (0,1,3)
1348 dma2 - 2nd dma # (0,1)
1349 mpu_port - MPU-401 port # (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1350 mpu_irq - MPU-401 irq # (5,7,9,10)
1351 fm_port - FM Port # (0x388)
1352 wss - enable WSS mode
1353 ide - enable onboard ide support
1358 Module for Digigram miXart8 sound cards.
1360 This module supports multiple cards.
1361 Note: One miXart8 board will be represented as 4 alsa cards.
1362 See MIXART.txt for details.
1364 When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
1365 is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
1366 Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
1367 When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
1368 firmware via mixartloader utility in alsa-tools package.
1373 Module for Echoaudio Mona
1375 This module supports multiple cards.
1376 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1381 Module for MPU-401 UART devices.
1383 port - port number or -1 (disable)
1384 irq - IRQ number or -1 (disable)
1385 pnp - PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1386 uart_enter - Issue UART_ENTER command at open - bool, default = on
1388 This module supports multiple devices and PnP.
1393 Module for MOTU MidiTimePiece AV multiport MIDI (on the parallel
1396 port - I/O port # for MTPAV (0x378,0x278, default=0x378)
1397 irq - IRQ # for MTPAV (7,5, default=7)
1398 hwports - number of supported hardware ports, default=8.
1400 Module supports only 1 card. This module has no enable option.
1405 Module for Ego Systems (ESI) Miditerminal 4140
1407 This module supports multiple devices.
1408 Requires parport (CONFIG_PARPORT).
1413 Module for NeoMagic NM256AV/ZX chips
1415 playback_bufsize - max playback frame size in kB (4-128kB)
1416 capture_bufsize - max capture frame size in kB (4-128kB)
1417 force_ac97 - 0 or 1 (disabled by default)
1418 buffer_top - specify buffer top address
1419 use_cache - 0 or 1 (disabled by default)
1420 vaio_hack - alias buffer_top=0x25a800
1421 reset_workaround - enable AC97 RESET workaround for some laptops
1422 reset_workaround2 - enable extended AC97 RESET workaround for some
1425 This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
1427 The power-management is supported.
1429 Note: on some notebooks the buffer address cannot be detected
1430 automatically, or causes hang-up during initialization.
1431 In such a case, specify the buffer top address explicitly via
1432 the buffer_top option.
1434 Sony F250: buffer_top=0x25a800
1435 Sony F270: buffer_top=0x272800
1436 The driver supports only ac97 codec. It's possible to force
1437 to initialize/use ac97 although it's not detected. In such a
1438 case, use force_ac97=1 option - but *NO* guarantee whether it
1441 Note: The NM256 chip can be linked internally with non-AC97
1442 codecs. This driver supports only the AC97 codec, and won't work
1443 with machines with other (most likely CS423x or OPL3SAx) chips,
1444 even though the device is detected in lspci. In such a case, try
1445 other drivers, e.g. snd-cs4232 or snd-opl3sa2. Some has ISA-PnP
1446 but some doesn't have ISA PnP. You'll need to specify isapnp=0
1447 and proper hardware parameters in the case without ISA PnP.
1449 Note: some laptops need a workaround for AC97 RESET. For the
1450 known hardware like Dell Latitude LS and Sony PCG-F305, this
1451 workaround is enabled automatically. For other laptops with a
1452 hard freeze, you can try reset_workaround=1 option.
1454 Note: Dell Latitude CSx laptops have another problem regarding
1455 AC97 RESET. On these laptops, reset_workaround2 option is
1456 turned on as default. This option is worth to try if the
1457 previous reset_workaround option doesn't help.
1459 Note: This driver is really crappy. It's a porting from the
1460 OSS driver, which is a result of black-magic reverse engineering.
1461 The detection of codec will fail if the driver is loaded *after*
1462 X-server as described above. You might be able to force to load
1463 the module, but it may result in hang-up. Hence, make sure that
1464 you load this module *before* X if you encounter this kind of
1470 Module for Yamaha OPL3-SA2/SA3 sound cards.
1472 port - control port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x370)
1473 sb_port - SB port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x220,0x240)
1474 wss_port - WSS port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1475 midi_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable
1476 fm_port - FM port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x388), -1 = disable
1477 irq - IRQ # for OPL3-SA chip (5,7,9,10)
1478 dma1 - first DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3)
1479 dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
1480 isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1482 This module supports multiple cards and ISA PnP. It does not support
1483 autoprobe (if ISA PnP is not used) thus all ports must be specified!!!
1485 The power-management is supported.
1487 Module snd-opti92x-ad1848
1488 -------------------------
1490 Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Analog Devices AD1848 chips.
1491 Module works with OAK Mozart cards as well.
1493 port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1494 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1495 fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
1496 irq - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
1497 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
1498 dma1 - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1500 This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
1502 Module snd-opti92x-cs4231
1503 -------------------------
1505 Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Crystal CS4231 chips.
1507 port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1508 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1509 fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
1510 irq - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
1511 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
1512 dma1 - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1513 dma2 - second DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1515 This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
1520 Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c93x chips.
1522 port - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1523 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1524 fm_port - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
1525 irq - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
1526 mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
1527 dma1 - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1528 dma2 - second DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1530 This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
1535 Module for Digigram PCXHR boards
1537 This module supports multiple cards.
1539 Module snd-portman2x4
1540 ---------------------
1542 Module for Midiman Portman 2x4 parallel port MIDI interface
1544 This module supports multiple cards.
1546 Module snd-powermac (on ppc only)
1547 ---------------------------------
1549 Module for PowerMac, iMac and iBook on-board soundchips
1551 enable_beep - enable beep using PCM (enabled as default)
1553 Module supports autoprobe a chip.
1555 Note: the driver may have problems regarding endianess.
1557 The power-management is supported.
1559 Module snd-pxa2xx-ac97 (on arm only)
1560 ------------------------------------
1562 Module for AC97 driver for the Intel PXA2xx chip
1564 For ARM architecture only.
1566 The power-management is supported.
1571 Module for Conexant Riptide chip
1573 joystick_port - Joystick port # (default: 0x200)
1574 mpu_port - MPU401 port # (default: 0x330)
1575 opl3_port - OPL3 port # (default: 0x388)
1577 This module supports multiple cards.
1578 The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1579 You need to install the firmware file "riptide.hex" to the standard
1580 firmware path (e.g. /lib/firmware).
1585 Module for RME Digi32, Digi32 Pro and Digi32/8 (Sek'd Prodif32,
1586 Prodif96 and Prodif Gold) sound cards.
1588 This module supports multiple cards.
1593 Module for RME Digi96, Digi96/8 and Digi96/8 PRO/PAD/PST sound cards.
1595 This module supports multiple cards.
1600 Module for RME Digi9652 (Hammerfall, Hammerfall-Light) sound cards.
1602 precise_ptr - Enable precise pointer (doesn't work reliably).
1605 This module supports multiple cards.
1607 Note: snd-page-alloc module does the job which snd-hammerfall-mem
1608 module did formerly. It will allocate the buffers in advance
1609 when any RME9652 cards are found. To make the buffer
1610 allocation sure, load snd-page-alloc module in the early
1611 stage of boot sequence. See "Early Buffer Allocation"
1614 Module snd-sa11xx-uda1341 (on arm only)
1615 ---------------------------------------
1617 Module for Philips UDA1341TS on Compaq iPAQ H3600 sound card.
1619 Module supports only one card.
1620 Module has no enable and index options.
1622 The power-management is supported.
1627 Module for 8-bit SoundBlaster cards: SoundBlaster 1.0,
1631 port - port # for SB DSP chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
1632 irq - IRQ # for SB DSP chip (5,7,9,10)
1633 dma8 - DMA # for SB DSP chip (1,3)
1635 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
1637 The power-management is supported.
1639 Module snd-sb16 and snd-sbawe
1640 -----------------------------
1642 Module for 16-bit SoundBlaster cards: SoundBlaster 16 (PnP),
1643 SoundBlaster AWE 32 (PnP),
1644 SoundBlaster AWE 64 PnP
1646 port - port # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
1647 mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable
1648 awe_port - base port # for EMU8000 synthesizer (0x620,0x640,0x660)
1649 (snd-sbawe module only)
1650 irq - IRQ # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,7,9,10)
1651 dma8 - 8-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0,1,3)
1652 dma16 - 16-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,6,7)
1653 mic_agc - Mic Auto-Gain-Control - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1654 csp - ASP/CSP chip support - 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable
1655 isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1657 This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
1659 Note: To use Vibra16X cards in 16-bit half duplex mode, you must
1660 disable 16bit DMA with dma16 = -1 module parameter.
1661 Also, all Sound Blaster 16 type cards can operate in 16-bit
1662 half duplex mode through 8-bit DMA channel by disabling their
1665 The power-management is supported.
1670 Module for Aztech Sound Galaxy sound card.
1672 sbport - Port # for SB16 interface (0x220,0x240)
1673 wssport - Port # for WSS interface (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1674 irq - IRQ # (7,9,10,11)
1677 This module supports multiple cards.
1679 The power-management is supported.
1684 Module for ENSONIQ SoundScape PnP cards.
1686 port - Port # (PnP setup)
1687 irq - IRQ # (PnP setup)
1688 mpu_irq - MPU-401 IRQ # (PnP setup)
1689 dma - DMA # (PnP setup)
1691 This module supports multiple cards. ISA PnP must be enabled.
1692 You need sscape_ctl tool in alsa-tools package for loading
1695 Module snd-sun-amd7930 (on sparc only)
1696 --------------------------------------
1698 Module for AMD7930 sound chips found on Sparcs.
1700 This module supports multiple cards.
1702 Module snd-sun-cs4231 (on sparc only)
1703 -------------------------------------
1705 Module for CS4231 sound chips found on Sparcs.
1707 This module supports multiple cards.
1709 Module snd-sun-dbri (on sparc only)
1710 -----------------------------------
1712 Module for DBRI sound chips found on Sparcs.
1714 This module supports multiple cards.
1716 Module snd-wavefront
1717 --------------------
1719 Module for Turtle Beach Maui, Tropez and Tropez+ sound cards.
1721 cs4232_pcm_port - Port # for CS4232 PCM interface.
1722 cs4232_pcm_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 PCM interface (5,7,9,11,12,15).
1723 cs4232_mpu_port - Port # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface.
1724 cs4232_mpu_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface (9,11,12,15).
1725 use_cs4232_midi - Use CS4232 MPU-401 interface
1726 (inaccessibly located inside your computer)
1727 ics2115_port - Port # for ICS2115
1728 ics2115_irq - IRQ # for ICS2115
1729 fm_port - FM OPL-3 Port #
1730 dma1 - DMA1 # for CS4232 PCM interface.
1731 dma2 - DMA2 # for CS4232 PCM interface.
1732 isapnp - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1734 The below are options for wavefront_synth features:
1735 wf_raw - Assume that we need to boot the OS (default:no)
1736 If yes, then during driver loading, the state of the board is
1737 ignored, and we reset the board and load the firmware anyway.
1738 fx_raw - Assume that the FX process needs help (default:yes)
1739 If false, we'll leave the FX processor in whatever state it is
1740 when the driver is loaded. The default is to download the
1741 microprogram and associated coefficients to set it up for
1742 "default" operation, whatever that means.
1743 debug_default - Debug parameters for card initialization
1744 wait_usecs - How long to wait without sleeping, usecs
1746 This magic number seems to give pretty optimal throughput
1747 based on my limited experimentation.
1748 If you want to play around with it and find a better value, be
1749 my guest. Remember, the idea is to get a number that causes us
1750 to just busy wait for as many WaveFront commands as possible,
1751 without coming up with a number so large that we hog the whole
1753 Specifically, with this number, out of about 134,000 status
1754 waits, only about 250 result in a sleep.
1755 sleep_interval - How long to sleep when waiting for reply
1757 sleep_tries - How many times to try sleeping during a wait
1759 ospath - Pathname to processed ICS2115 OS firmware
1760 (default:wavefront.os)
1761 The path name of the ISC2115 OS firmware. In the recent
1762 version, it's handled via firmware loader framework, so it
1763 must be installed in the proper path, typically,
1765 reset_time - How long to wait for a reset to take effect
1767 ramcheck_time - How many seconds to wait for the RAM test
1769 osrun_time - How many seconds to wait for the ICS2115 OS
1772 This module supports multiple cards and ISA PnP.
1774 Note: the firmware file "wavefront.os" was located in the earlier
1775 version in /etc. Now it's loaded via firmware loader, and
1776 must be in the proper firmware path, such as /lib/firmware.
1777 Copy (or symlink) the file appropriately if you get an error
1778 regarding firmware downloading after upgrading the kernel.
1780 Module snd-sonicvibes
1781 ---------------------
1783 Module for S3 SonicVibes PCI sound cards.
1784 * PINE Schubert 32 PCI
1786 reverb - Reverb Enable - 1 = enable, 0 = disable (default)
1787 - SoundCard must have onboard SRAM for this.
1788 mge - Mic Gain Enable - 1 = enable, 0 = disable (default)
1790 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
1792 Module snd-serial-u16550
1793 ------------------------
1795 Module for UART16550A serial MIDI ports.
1797 port - port # for UART16550A chip
1798 irq - IRQ # for UART16550A chip, -1 = poll mode
1799 speed - speed in bauds (9600,19200,38400,57600,115200)
1801 base - base for divisor in bauds (57600,115200,230400,460800)
1803 outs - number of MIDI ports in a serial port (1-4)
1805 adaptor - Type of adaptor.
1806 0 = Soundcanvas, 1 = MS-124T, 2 = MS-124W S/A,
1807 3 = MS-124W M/B, 4 = Generic
1809 This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe
1810 thus the main port must be specified!!! Other options are optional.
1815 Module for Trident 4DWave DX/NX sound cards.
1816 * Best Union Miss Melody 4DWave PCI
1818 * Warpspeed ONSpeed 4DWave PCI
1821 * CHIC True Sound 4Dwave
1822 * Shark Predator4D-PCI
1823 * Jaton SonicWave 4D
1825 pcm_channels - max channels (voices) reserved for PCM
1826 wavetable_size - max wavetable size in kB (4-?kb)
1828 This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
1830 The power-management is supported.
1832 Module snd-usb-audio
1833 --------------------
1835 Module for USB audio and USB MIDI devices.
1837 vid - Vendor ID for the device (optional)
1838 pid - Product ID for the device (optional)
1839 device_setup - Device specific magic number (optional)
1840 - Influence depends on the device
1843 This module supports multiple devices, autoprobe and hotplugging.
1845 Module snd-usb-caiaq
1846 --------------------
1848 Module for caiaq UB audio interfaces,
1849 * Native Instruments RigKontrol2
1850 * Native Instruments Kore Controller
1851 * Native Instruments Audio Kontrol 1
1852 * Native Instruments Audio 8 DJ
1854 This module supports multiple devices, autoprobe and hotplugging.
1856 Module snd-usb-usx2y
1857 --------------------
1859 Module for Tascam USB US-122, US-224 and US-428 devices.
1861 This module supports multiple devices, autoprobe and hotplugging.
1863 Note: you need to load the firmware via usx2yloader utility included
1864 in alsa-tools and alsa-firmware packages.
1869 Module for AC'97 motherboards based on VIA 82C686A/686B, 8233,
1870 8233A, 8233C, 8235, 8237 (south) bridge.
1872 mpu_port - 0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330, otherwise obtain BIOS setup
1874 joystick - Enable joystick (default off) [VIA686A/686B only]
1875 ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (default 48000Hz)
1876 dxs_support - support DXS channels,
1877 0 = auto (default), 1 = enable, 2 = disable,
1878 3 = 48k only, 4 = no VRA, 5 = enable any sample
1879 rate and different sample rates on different
1881 [VIA8233/C, 8235, 8237 only]
1882 ac97_quirk - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
1883 See "AC97 Quirk Option" section below.
1885 This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
1887 Note: on some SMP motherboards like MSI 694D the interrupts might
1888 not be generated properly. In such a case, please try to
1889 set the SMP (or MPS) version on BIOS to 1.1 instead of
1890 default value 1.4. Then the interrupt number will be
1891 assigned under 15. You might also upgrade your BIOS.
1893 Note: VIA8233/5/7 (not VIA8233A) can support DXS (direct sound)
1894 channels as the first PCM. On these channels, up to 4
1895 streams can be played at the same time, and the controller
1896 can perform sample rate conversion with separate rates for
1898 As default (dxs_support = 0), 48k fixed rate is chosen
1899 except for the known devices since the output is often
1900 noisy except for 48k on some mother boards due to the
1902 Please try once dxs_support=5 and if it works on other
1903 sample rates (e.g. 44.1kHz of mp3 playback), please let us
1904 know the PCI subsystem vendor/device id's (output of
1906 If dxs_support=5 does not work, try dxs_support=4; if it
1907 doesn't work too, try dxs_support=1. (dxs_support=1 is
1908 usually for old motherboards. The correct implemented
1909 board should work with 4 or 5.) If it still doesn't
1910 work and the default setting is ok, dxs_support=3 is the
1911 right choice. If the default setting doesn't work at all,
1912 try dxs_support=2 to disable the DXS channels.
1913 In any cases, please let us know the result and the
1914 subsystem vendor/device ids. See "Links and Addresses"
1917 Note: for the MPU401 on VIA823x, use snd-mpu401 driver
1918 additionally. The mpu_port option is for VIA686 chips only.
1920 The power-management is supported.
1922 Module snd-via82xx-modem
1923 ------------------------
1925 Module for VIA82xx AC97 modem
1927 ac97_clock - AC'97 codec clock base (default 48000Hz)
1929 This module supports one card and autoprobe.
1931 Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
1934 The power-management is supported.
1939 Module for virtual rawmidi devices.
1940 This module creates virtual rawmidi devices which communicate
1941 to the corresponding ALSA sequencer ports.
1943 midi_devs - MIDI devices # (1-4, default=4)
1945 This module supports multiple cards.
1950 Module for Digigram VX-Pocket VX222, V222 v2 and Mic cards.
1952 mic - Enable Microphone on V222 Mic (NYI)
1953 ibl - Capture IBL size. (default = 0, minimum size)
1955 This module supports multiple cards.
1957 When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
1958 is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
1959 Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
1960 When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
1961 firmware via vxloader utility in alsa-tools package. To invoke
1962 vxloader automatically, add the following to /etc/modprobe.conf
1964 install snd-vx222 /sbin/modprobe --first-time -i snd-vx222 && /usr/bin/vxloader
1966 (for 2.2/2.4 kernels, add "post-install /usr/bin/vxloader" to
1967 /etc/modules.conf, instead.)
1968 IBL size defines the interrupts period for PCM. The smaller size
1969 gives smaller latency but leads to more CPU consumption, too.
1970 The size is usually aligned to 126. As default (=0), the smallest
1971 size is chosen. The possible IBL values can be found in
1972 /proc/asound/cardX/vx-status proc file.
1974 The power-management is supported.
1979 Module for Digigram VX-Pocket VX2 and 440 PCMCIA cards.
1981 ibl - Capture IBL size. (default = 0, minimum size)
1983 This module supports multiple cards. The module is compiled only when
1984 PCMCIA is supported on kernel.
1986 With the older 2.6.x kernel, to activate the driver via the card
1987 manager, you'll need to set up /etc/pcmcia/vxpocket.conf. See the
1988 sound/pcmcia/vx/vxpocket.c. 2.6.13 or later kernel requires no
1989 longer require a config file.
1991 When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
1992 is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
1993 Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
1994 When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
1995 firmware via vxloader utility in alsa-tools package.
1997 About capture IBL, see the description of snd-vx222 module.
1999 Note: snd-vxp440 driver is merged to snd-vxpocket driver since
2002 The power-management is supported.
2007 Module for Yamaha PCI chips (YMF72x, YMF74x & YMF75x).
2009 mpu_port - 0x300,0x330,0x332,0x334, 0 (disable) by default,
2010 1 (auto-detect for YMF744/754 only)
2011 fm_port - 0x388,0x398,0x3a0,0x3a8, 0 (disable) by default
2012 1 (auto-detect for YMF744/754 only)
2013 joystick_port - 0x201,0x202,0x204,0x205, 0 (disable) by default,
2015 rear_switch - enable shared rear/line-in switch (bool)
2017 This module supports autoprobe and multiple chips.
2019 The power-management is supported.
2021 Module snd-pdaudiocf
2022 --------------------
2024 Module for Sound Core PDAudioCF sound card.
2026 The power-management is supported.
2032 The ac97_quirk option is used to enable/override the workaround for
2033 specific devices on drivers for on-board AC'97 controllers like
2034 snd-intel8x0. Some hardware have swapped output pins between Master
2035 and Headphone, or Surround (thanks to confusion of AC'97
2036 specifications from version to version :-)
2038 The driver provides the auto-detection of known problematic devices,
2039 but some might be unknown or wrongly detected. In such a case, pass
2040 the proper value with this option.
2042 The following strings are accepted:
2043 - default Don't override the default setting
2044 - none Disable the quirk
2045 - hp_only Bind Master and Headphone controls as a single control
2046 - swap_hp Swap headphone and master controls
2047 - swap_surround Swap master and surround controls
2048 - ad_sharing For AD1985, turn on OMS bit and use headphone
2049 - alc_jack For ALC65x, turn on the jack sense mode
2050 - inv_eapd Inverted EAPD implementation
2051 - mute_led Bind EAPD bit for turning on/off mute LED
2053 For backward compatibility, the corresponding integer value -1, 0,
2054 ... are accepted, too.
2056 For example, if "Master" volume control has no effect on your device
2057 but only "Headphone" does, pass ac97_quirk=hp_only module option.
2060 Configuring Non-ISAPNP Cards
2061 ============================
2063 When the kernel is configured with ISA-PnP support, the modules
2064 supporting the isapnp cards will have module options "isapnp".
2065 If this option is set, *only* the ISA-PnP devices will be probed.
2066 For probing the non ISA-PnP cards, you have to pass "isapnp=0" option
2067 together with the proper i/o and irq configuration.
2069 When the kernel is configured without ISA-PnP support, isapnp option
2070 will be not built in.
2073 Module Autoloading Support
2074 ==========================
2076 The ALSA drivers can be loaded automatically on demand by defining
2077 module aliases. The string 'snd-card-%1' is requested for ALSA native
2078 devices where %i is sound card number from zero to seven.
2080 To auto-load an ALSA driver for OSS services, define the string
2081 'sound-slot-%i' where %i means the slot number for OSS, which
2082 corresponds to the card index of ALSA. Usually, define this
2083 as the same card module.
2085 An example configuration for a single emu10k1 card is like below:
2086 ----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2087 alias snd-card-0 snd-emu10k1
2088 alias sound-slot-0 snd-emu10k1
2089 ----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2091 The available number of auto-loaded sound cards depends on the module
2092 option "cards_limit" of snd module. As default it's set to 1.
2093 To enable the auto-loading of multiple cards, specify the number of
2094 sound cards in that option.
2096 When multiple cards are available, it'd better to specify the index
2097 number for each card via module option, too, so that the order of
2098 cards is kept consistent.
2100 An example configuration for two sound cards is like below:
2102 ----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2104 options snd cards_limit=2
2105 alias snd-card-0 snd-interwave
2106 alias snd-card-1 snd-ens1371
2107 options snd-interwave index=0
2108 options snd-ens1371 index=1
2110 alias sound-slot-0 snd-interwave
2111 alias sound-slot-1 snd-ens1371
2112 ----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2114 In this example, the interwave card is always loaded as the first card
2115 (index 0) and ens1371 as the second (index 1).
2118 ALSA PCM devices to OSS devices mapping
2119 =======================================
2121 /dev/snd/pcmC0D0[c|p] -> /dev/audio0 (/dev/audio) -> minor 4
2122 /dev/snd/pcmC0D0[c|p] -> /dev/dsp0 (/dev/dsp) -> minor 3
2123 /dev/snd/pcmC0D1[c|p] -> /dev/adsp0 (/dev/adsp) -> minor 12
2124 /dev/snd/pcmC1D0[c|p] -> /dev/audio1 -> minor 4+16 = 20
2125 /dev/snd/pcmC1D0[c|p] -> /dev/dsp1 -> minor 3+16 = 19
2126 /dev/snd/pcmC1D1[c|p] -> /dev/adsp1 -> minor 12+16 = 28
2127 /dev/snd/pcmC2D0[c|p] -> /dev/audio2 -> minor 4+32 = 36
2128 /dev/snd/pcmC2D0[c|p] -> /dev/dsp2 -> minor 3+32 = 39
2129 /dev/snd/pcmC2D1[c|p] -> /dev/adsp2 -> minor 12+32 = 44
2131 The first number from /dev/snd/pcmC{X}D{Y}[c|p] expression means
2132 sound card number and second means device number. The ALSA devices
2133 have either 'c' or 'p' suffix indicating the direction, capture and
2134 playback, respectively.
2136 Please note that the device mapping above may be varied via the module
2137 options of snd-pcm-oss module.
2140 Proc interfaces (/proc/asound)
2141 ==============================
2143 /proc/asound/card#/pcm#[cp]/oss
2144 -------------------------------
2145 String "erase" - erase all additional informations about OSS applications
2146 String "<app_name> <fragments> <fragment_size> [<options>]"
2148 <app_name> - name of application with (higher priority) or without path
2149 <fragments> - number of fragments or zero if auto
2150 <fragment_size> - size of fragment in bytes or zero if auto
2151 <options> - optional parameters
2152 - disable the application tries to open a pcm device for
2153 this channel but does not want to use it.
2154 (Cause a bug or mmap needs)
2155 It's good for Quake etc...
2156 - direct don't use plugins
2157 - block force block mode (rvplayer)
2158 - non-block force non-block mode
2159 - whole-frag write only whole fragments (optimization affecting
2161 - no-silence do not fill silence ahead to avoid clicks
2162 - buggy-ptr Returns the whitespace blocks in GETOPTR ioctl
2163 instead of filled blocks
2165 Example: echo "x11amp 128 16384" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
2166 echo "squake 0 0 disable" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0c/oss
2167 echo "rvplayer 0 0 block" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
2170 Early Buffer Allocation
2171 =======================
2173 Some drivers (e.g. hdsp) require the large contiguous buffers, and
2174 sometimes it's too late to find such spaces when the driver module is
2175 actually loaded due to memory fragmentation. You can pre-allocate the
2176 PCM buffers by loading snd-page-alloc module and write commands to its
2177 proc file in prior, for example, in the early boot stage like
2178 /etc/init.d/*.local scripts.
2180 Reading the proc file /proc/drivers/snd-page-alloc shows the current
2181 usage of page allocation. In writing, you can send the following
2182 commands to the snd-page-alloc driver:
2184 - add VENDOR DEVICE MASK SIZE BUFFERS
2186 VENDOR and DEVICE are PCI vendor and device IDs. They take
2187 integer numbers (0x prefix is needed for the hex).
2188 MASK is the PCI DMA mask. Pass 0 if not restricted.
2189 SIZE is the size of each buffer to allocate. You can pass
2190 k and m suffix for KB and MB. The max number is 16MB.
2191 BUFFERS is the number of buffers to allocate. It must be greater
2192 than 0. The max number is 4.
2196 This will erase the all pre-allocated buffers which are not in
2203 ALSA project homepage
2204 http://www.alsa-project.org
2206 ALSA Bug Tracking System
2207 https://bugtrack.alsa-project.org/bugs/
2210 mailto:alsa-devel@alsa-project.org
git://ftp.safe.ca / safe / jmp / linux-2.6 / blob